Urbanization and Floods in Sub-Saharan Africa: Spatiotemporal Study and Analysis of Vulnerability Factors—Case of Antananarivo Agglomeration (Madagascar)

Ramiaramanana, Fenosoa Nantenaina; Teller, Jacques

doi:10.3390/w13020149

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…However, exposure to flood damage has little difference between rural and urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid population growth in urban areas puts buildings in flood-prone areas, often without suitable infrastructure [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood hazard management in a multiple hazard context: a systematic review of flood hazard management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Turay

2022

Discov Water

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Result-oriented research can uncover hidden flood management obstacles and propose solutions that, if combined with political will, appropriate technology, and resources, can overcome the majority of Africa’s future flood calamities. In view of this, it is critical to examine researchers' findings on flood hazard management, particularly now that the continent is struggling with COVID-19 and other hazards. This study employed a systematic review approach to critically analyze 103 contextually detailed studies with a set of criteria that were not only meant to keep the focus on floods and the COVID-19 pandemic but also to understand the context of managing floods during COVID-19 and other hazards at the same time on the continent. I found that the authors strongly recommend how institutions should create non-structural enabling environments for managing combined hazards. Also, researchers paid little attention to recommending ecosystem-based measures for flood management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. Future research should study how different countries in Africa are preparing to manage multiple future hazards, including the comparative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of individual countries’ planning and preparation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood hazard management in a multiple hazard context: a systematic review of flood hazard management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Turay

2022

Discov Water

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“…The escalating settlements in flood-prone areas by low-income communities worsens their vulnerability and habits. The poor land use management further contributes to increasing floods in such areas (Ramiaramanana and Teller 2021).…”

Section: Spatial Inundation Extent Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Modelling of Floods and Estimating Socio-economic Impacts of Floods in Ugandan River Malaba Sub-catchment

et al. 2022

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River Malaba sub-catchment tends to experience dramatic flooding events, with several socio-economic impacts to the nearby communities, such as loss of lives and destructions of physical infrastructure. Analysis of spatiotemporal extents to which settlements, crops and physical infrastructures tend to be inundated are vital for predictive planning of risk-based adaptation measures. This paper presents a case study on flood risk assessment for Ugandan River Malaba sub-catchment. We applied the two-dimensional Hydraulic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (2D HEC-RAS) for modelling of flooding extents. We considered extreme flow quantiles, lower and upper quantiles corresponding to the 95% confidence interval limits aimed at determining uncertainties in the flooding extents. Spatial extents of inundation on human settlement, land cover and infrastructure were analysed with respect to return periods of extreme flow quantiles. Finally, we estimated economic loss on infrastructure due to flooding. Results from the 2D HEC-RAS model were satisfactorily comparable with the results of observations. Amongst the land use types, cropland exhibited the highest vulnerability with at least 10,234.8 hectare (ha) susceptible to flooding event of 100-year return period (YRP). Inundated built-up land-use exhibited the highest vulnerability percentage increase (90%) between 2- and 100-YRP. In US Dollar, about US$ 33 million and US$ 39 million losses are estimated at 2- and 100-YRP, respectively, due to inundated rice gardens and these indicate a looming high risk of household food insecurity and poverty. Several infrastructure including 15 academic institutions, 12 health facilities, 32 worshiping places remain annually vulnerable to flooding. At least 6 km and 7 km of road network are also susceptible to flooding under extreme flows of return periods 2 and 100 years, respectively. Churches exhibited the highest economic losses of US$ 855,065 and US$ 1,623,832 at 2-YRP and 100-YRP, respectively. This study findings are relevant for planning the development of sustainable flood risk adaptation pathways given the established destructions within the sub-catchment due to flooding.

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“…These projections suggest that informal settlements portray significant contributions in resolving housing problems over and above the capacity of the government (Sakijege, 2019: 316;Zhang, 2016: 7) 2). In sub-Saharan Africa, the trends of flooding have been alarming and unpredictable among many threats, posing a major impact in terms of victims (Echendu, 2020;Ramiaramanana & Teller, 2021: 1-2). Over the previous decades, the region has experienced the severity of natural calamities, including floods with notable economic and physical damages.…”

Section: Global Urban Areas' Vulnerability To Natural Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land acquisition processes in flood-prone informal settlements in Dar es Salaam: A rhetoric revealing land governance

Kemwita

Kombe

Nguluma

et al. 2022

TRP

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Acquisition of land in flood-prone informal settlements is restricted by land-use policies, laws, and regulations in many countries, including Tanzania. Due to rapid urbanisation trends, coupled with growing urban planning deficiencies, many residents, particularly in the low-income group, have resorted to settling in flood-prone informal settlements. This article provides a rhetoric exposé to land governance by exploring the processes that land seekers go through to acquire building land (sites). This includes flood-prone land in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, despite prohibition by land-use legislation. The study employed a case study design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected, using household questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus-group discussions. Msasani Bonde la Mpunga, a flood-prone settlement in Dar es Salaam, was selected as a case study area to investigate the processes and actors involved. Results showed that most of the landowners in flood-prone areas of Msasani Bonde la Mpunga acquired land parcels informally after they moved into the city from various parts of the country. Approaches and processes of acquiring land were gone through, using social connections with relatives and friends living in the area, engaging brokers, and obtaining verbal or written selling transfer agreements from ward officials. Some encroached or invaded vacant land. Gradually, building structures emerged, although initially, invaders pretended to put up temporary dwellings. The few who inherited land did not undergo similar processes of acquiring land directly. This article concludes that the processes through which land seekers acquire building land, despite being flood-prone areas, are fuelled by weak governance. Government measures are often top-down and reactive instead of proactive. The article recommends rethinking land-governance efforts that entail bottom-up interventions with substantive involvement in decisionmaking processes. These should involve communities in the co-production of appropriate land-governance regulatory measures in flood-prone informal settlements.

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Urbanization and Floods in Sub-Saharan Africa: Spatiotemporal Study and Analysis of Vulnerability Factors—Case of Antananarivo Agglomeration (Madagascar)

Cited by 31 publications

References 57 publications

Flood hazard management in a multiple hazard context: a systematic review of flood hazard management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Flood hazard management in a multiple hazard context: a systematic review of flood hazard management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Hydrodynamic Modelling of Floods and Estimating Socio-economic Impacts of Floods in Ugandan River Malaba Sub-catchment

Land acquisition processes in flood-prone informal settlements in Dar es Salaam: A rhetoric revealing land governance

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