Urbanisation and sex affect the consistency of butterfly personality across metamorphosis

Kaiser, Aurélien; Merckx, Thomas; Dyck, Hans Van

doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2616-1

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…In a surprisingly large number of papers, however, no explanation or justification of the assumption that certain behaviours indicate boldness can be found (e.g., Bell and Sih 2007;Brodin 2009;Morales et al 2013; Supplementary Table 1). Some authors refer to the fact that the link between boldness and certain behaviours (and experimental set-ups) has already been successfully established by other empirical studies or is widely accepted in the field (e.g., Briffa et al 2008;Cote et al 2010;Frost et al 2007;Kaiser et al 2018;Labaude et al 2018;Rodríguez-Prieto et al 2011;Tüzün et al 2017). The novel object test, for example, is said to be a "standard paradigm used to assess boldness" (Frost et al 2007: 334).…”

Section: Which Behaviours To Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

What is an animal personality?

Kaiser

Müller

2021

Biol Philos

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Individuals of many animal species are said to have a personality. It has been shown that some individuals are bolder than other individuals of the same species, or more sociable or more aggressive. In this paper, we analyse what it means to say that an animal has a personality. We clarify what an animal personality is, that is, its ontology, and how different personality concepts relate to each other, and we examine how personality traits are identified in biological practice. Our analysis shows that biologists often study specific personality traits, such as boldness, sociability or aggressiveness, rather than personalities in general. We claim that personality traits are best understood as dispositions and that they are operationally defined in terms of certain sets of behaviours, which are studied in specific experimental set-ups. Furthermore, we develop an integrative philosophical account that specifies and formalises three criteria for identifying personality traits, which are used in biological practice. For an individual animal to have a personality trait it must, first, behave differently than others (Individual Differences). Second, these behavioural differences must be stable over a certain time (Temporal Stability), and third, they must be consistent in different contexts (Contextual Consistency).

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Section: Which Behaviours To Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

What is an animal personality?

Kaiser

Müller

2021

Biol Philos

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“…Males try to monopolize a sunlit patch on the forest floor as a rendezvous site for receptive females, which they aggressively defend against other males (reviewed in Van Dyck, 2003). More recently, consistent inter‐individual variation in behavioural traits has been documented in P. aegeria , providing evidence for personality traits in this butterfly (Ducatez, Humeau, Congretel, Fréville, & Baguette, 2014; Kaiser, Merckx, & Van Dyck, 2018). Here, within the same species, we tested the repeatability of a boldness measure under variable field conditions and we investigated age‐related changes in this personality trait in a wild woodland population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Then, the butterfly was gently placed with closed wings in a semi‐transparent glassine envelope (63 × 97 mm) and we counted the number of movements the butterfly made either with the head, the wings or the legs during 1 min under these stressful conditions. For further details about this boldness test and its significance, we refer to our previous work (Kaiser et al., 2018, 2019a, 2019b). After the test, the butterfly was marked by writing a unique number on the left ventral hind wing and we measured body temperature by making contact at the level of the thorax with an infrared thermometer (IBP TS 402).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual plasticity drives boldness senescence in a territorial butterfly

et al. 2020

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Most behavioural traits show plastic responses to changes in internal or external conditions. Similarly, animal personality is not necessarily fixed during an individual's lifetime, leading to age-related changes. Both individual plasticity (i.e., within-individual effect) and non-random selective (dis)appearance of behavioural types (i.e., between-individual effect) may contribute to age-related changes observed at the population level. Here, we investigated how boldness changes with age in a woodland population of the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.) using a capturemark-recapture approach. We used wing wear as an index for age and we show that fresh individuals are bolder than worn individuals. Using the subsample of recaptured butterflies, we found that this pattern is most likely driven by individual plasticity. Our design also allowed us to explore some aspects of the species' spatial ecology and how it relates to personality. We found no relationship between boldness and net displacement between successive captures, a finding which we discuss within a movement ecology framework.

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“…Although urban adapters take advantage of human‐provided resources similarly to urban exploiters, they do not strictly depend on them (Fischer et al., 2015; McKinney, 2006); thus, urban adapters provide an interesting opportunity to assess urban‐driven evolutionary change in free‐living populations. Importantly, even though urban adapters belong to a wide range of taxa (including: insects—Kaiser, Merckx, & Van Dyck, 2018, mammals—Harris, Munshi‐South, Obergfell, & O’Neill, 2013, amphibians—Stolyar, Loumbourdis, Falfushinska, & Romanchuk, 2008, reptiles—Winchell, Reynolds, Prado‐Irwin, Puente‐Rolón, & Revell, 2016; Winchell, Maayan, Fredette, & Revell, 2018), birds are an excellent model system to explore urbanization‐related shifts in evolutionary ecology (Chamberlain et al., 2009; Marzluff, 2017). Several studies emphasized important differences in the reproductive strategies adopted by rural and urban avian populations; thus, birds inhabiting cities often exhibit earlier laying dates, smaller clutches and reduced brood sizes compared to their rural counterparts (Chamberlain et al., 2009; de Satgé et al., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growing in the city: Urban evolutionary ecology of avian growth rates

Corsini

Schöll

Lecce

et al. 2020

Evolutionary Applications

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Introduction Rapid environmental change driven by urbanization offers a unique insight into the adaptive potential of urban‐dwelling organisms. Urban‐driven phenotypic differentiation is increasingly often demonstrated, but the impact of urbanization (here modelled as the percentage of impervious surface (ISA) around each nestbox) on offspring developmental rates and subsequent survival remains poorly understood. Furthermore, the role of selection on urban‐driven phenotypic divergence was rarely investigated to date. Methods and Results Data on nestling development and body mass were analysed in a gradient of urbanization set in Warsaw, Poland, in two passerine species: great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Increasing levels of impervious surface area (ISA) delayed the age of fastest growth in blue tits. Nestling body mass was also negatively affected by increasing ISA 5 and 10 days after hatching in great tits, and 10 and 15 days in blue tits, respectively. High levels of ISA also increased nestling mortality 5 and 10 days after hatching in both species. An analysis of selection differentials performed for two levels of urbanization (low and high ISA) revealed a positive association between mass at day 2 and survival at fledging. Discussion This study confirms the considerable negative impact of imperviousness—a proxy for urbanization level—on offspring development, body mass and survival, and highlights increased selection on avian mass at hatching in a high ISA environment.

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Urbanisation and sex affect the consistency of butterfly personality across metamorphosis

Cited by 20 publications

References 83 publications

What is an animal personality?

What is an animal personality?

Individual plasticity drives boldness senescence in a territorial butterfly

Growing in the city: Urban evolutionary ecology of avian growth rates

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