Urban–rural differentials in Latin American infant mortality

Garcia, Jenny

doi:10.4054/demres.2020.42.8

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Reduced mortality differentials by rural/urban sector most likely explain this substantial role of natural increase from early stages of urbanization. Despite overall declines in under‐five mortality, rural mortality remains consistently higher than urban mortality (Garcia 2020; Günther and Harttgen 2012; Bocquier, Madise, and Zulu 2011). Since urban mortality decline initiates the demographic transition (Dyson 2011), we also see the effect of higher urban natural growth early on in the urban transition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

Menashe‐Oren¹,

Bocquier²

2021

Population & Development Rev

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Across the world, populations have transitioned to inhabiting urban spaces, and in low‐ and middle‐income countries the proportion of people living in cities is expected to continue to increase. Anticipation of this fundamental process calls for a better understanding of the demographic factors that drive the urban transition. By indirectly estimating the joint contribution of migration and administrative reclassification to urban transition in 129 countries using urban and rural population by age and sex data available from the United Nations over 1985–2015, we find that differences in natural increase between the rural and urban sectors explain most of the urbanization over the 30‐year period examined. Over the urban transition, the role of migration and reclassification declines and becomes negligible. Despite data limitations, we confirm that it is misleading to view migration as fueling urbanization in low‐ and middle‐income countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

Menashe‐Oren¹,

Bocquier²

2021

Population & Development Rev

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“…In different but related studies, a mother's age was considered as a non-factor for the uneven distribution of mortality under the age of ve [35,32]. Some scholars have further noted that house settlement patterns and rural-urban differentials were risk factors for child mortality [3,12,15]. Health care systems, health care nancing, poverty and access to maternal health services are remotely and complexly identi ed as correlates of child mortality [31,33,39,1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Health Expenditure and Immunisation on Under-Five Mortality Rate in Selected African Countries.

Eboh

Metiboba

2021

Preprint

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Background: As a way of tackling child mortality, many countries in the world depend on their respective health-care system. But governments of most countries in Africa are yet to provide robust funding of their health-care systems as many people still depend on the out-of-pocket payment to receive health services. Against this backdrop, this study used annual panel data to assess the effect of health-care expenditure and immunisation on the under-five mortality rate in 30 selected African countries for the period 2000-2017. Methods: Multiple regression technique was adopted for the data analysis and the robust fixed regression estimator was preferred to the random effects as determined by Hausman test.Results: The findings indicated that domestic government general health expenditure had a significant negative effect on the under-five mortality rate. However, the effect of domestic private health expenditure on under-five mortality was not significant while external health expenditure had a significant negative effect on under-five mortality rate. The impact of diphtheria immunisation on under-five mortality was significant. Conclusions: Except domestic private health expenditure, government and external forms of health expenditure coupled with diphtheria immunisation were significant factors for the reduction of the under-five mortality in the selected countries.

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“…Economic affluence (Andrews et al., 2020), urbanization (Garcia, 2020; Singh & Siahpush, 2014) and education (Balaj et al., 2021) have been associated with U5MR reduction in previous studies. To rule out the potential confounding effects from these protecting factors for U5MR in our study, the following 3 variables were included as the controlled variables: Economic affluence, indexed with the GDP PPP (gross domestic per capita product, international $ for purchasing power parity) in 2014 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

A cross‐sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes

You,

Donnelly

2023

J of Nursing Scholarship

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IntroductionAs the largest profession within the healthcare industry, nursing and midwifery workforce (NMW) provides comprehensive healthcare to children and their families. This study quantified the independent role of NMW in reducing under‐5 mortality rate (U5MR) worldwide.DesignA retrospective, observational and correlational study to examine the independent role of NMW in protecting against U5MR.MethodsWithin 266 “countries”, the cross‐sectional correlations between NMW and U5MR were examined with scatter plots, Pearson's r, nonparametric, partial correlation and multiple regression. The affluence, education and urban advantages were considered as the potential competing factors for the NMW–U5MR relationship. The NMW–U5MR correlations in both developing and developed countries were explored and compared.ResultsBivariate correlations revealed that NMW negatively and significantly correlated to U5MR worldwide. When the contributing effects of economic affluence, urbanization and education were removed, the independent NMW role in reducing U5MR remained significant. NMW independently explained 9.36% U5MR variance. Multilinear regression selected NMW as a significant factor contributing an extra 3% of explanation to U5MR variance when NMW, affluence, education and urban advantage were incorporated as the predicting variables. NMW correlated with U5MR significantly more strongly in developing countries than in developed countries.ConclusionNMW, indexing nursing and midwifery service, was a significant factor for reducing U5MR worldwide. This beneficial effect explained 9.36% of U5MR variance which was independent of economic affluence, urbanization and education. The NMW may be a more significant risk factor for protecting children from dying under 5 years old in developing countries. As a strategic response to the advocacy of the United Nations to reduce child mortality, it is worthy for health authorities to consider a further extension of nurses and midwives' practice scope to enable communities to have more access to NMW healthcare services.

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Urban–rural differentials in Latin American infant mortality

Cited by 10 publications

References 59 publications

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

The Effect of Health Expenditure and Immunisation on Under-Five Mortality Rate in Selected African Countries.

A cross‐sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes

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