Urban–rural differentials in Latin American infant mortality

Abstract

BACKGROUND Infant mortality in Latin America has declined dramatically over the past six decades. The health transition in the region began in the main cities and has tended to proceed more rapidly in countries with higher levels of urbanization. Although urban-rural mortality differentials have consistently favoured cities, these gaps vary significantly across countries, subpopulations, and geographical areas.

A cross‐sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes

“…Economic affluence (Andrews et al., 2020), urbanization (Garcia, 2020; Singh & Siahpush, 2014) and education (Balaj et al., 2021) have been associated with U5MR reduction in previous studies. To rule out the potential confounding effects from these protecting factors for U5MR in our study, the following 3 variables were included as the controlled variables: Economic affluence, indexed with the GDP PPP (gross domestic per capita product, international $ for purchasing power parity) in 2014 …”

A cross‐sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes

“…Economic affluence (Andrews et al., 2020), urbanization (Garcia, 2020; Singh & Siahpush, 2014) and education (Balaj et al., 2021) have been associated with U5MR reduction in previous studies. To rule out the potential confounding effects from these protecting factors for U5MR in our study, the following 3 variables were included as the controlled variables: Economic affluence, indexed with the GDP PPP (gross domestic per capita product, international $ for purchasing power parity) in 2014 …”

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

“…Reduced mortality differentials by rural/urban sector most likely explain this substantial role of natural increase from early stages of urbanization. Despite overall declines in under‐five mortality, rural mortality remains consistently higher than urban mortality (Garcia 2020; Günther and Harttgen 2012; Bocquier, Madise, and Zulu 2011). Since urban mortality decline initiates the demographic transition (Dyson 2011), we also see the effect of higher urban natural growth early on in the urban transition.…”

Characteristics of Medically Transported Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure in Latin America: Implications for Outcomes

“…There is a significant gap in most of the health indicators between urban and nonurban areas, and these differences are especially large in low- and middle-income countries. The economic inequality in Latin America is a booster to put on the stage of disparities on the health indicators, 24 25 26 27 that is, the infant mortality rate can be 10 times higher between two locations within the same country. 28 Our finding regards the higher mortality of referrals from nonurban areas compared with urban areas, probably is a marker of all these socioeconomic aspects.…”

A cross‐sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes

“…Economic affluence (Andrews et al., 2020), urbanization (Garcia, 2020; Singh & Siahpush, 2014) and education (Balaj et al., 2021) have been associated with U5MR reduction in previous studies. To rule out the potential confounding effects from these protecting factors for U5MR in our study, the following 3 variables were included as the controlled variables: Economic affluence, indexed with the GDP PPP (gross domestic per capita product, international $ for purchasing power parity) in 2014 …”

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

“…Reduced mortality differentials by rural/urban sector most likely explain this substantial role of natural increase from early stages of urbanization. Despite overall declines in under‐five mortality, rural mortality remains consistently higher than urban mortality (Garcia 2020; Günther and Harttgen 2012; Bocquier, Madise, and Zulu 2011). Since urban mortality decline initiates the demographic transition (Dyson 2011), we also see the effect of higher urban natural growth early on in the urban transition.…”

Characteristics of Medically Transported Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure in Latin America: Implications for Outcomes

“…There is a significant gap in most of the health indicators between urban and nonurban areas, and these differences are especially large in low- and middle-income countries. The economic inequality in Latin America is a booster to put on the stage of disparities on the health indicators, 24 25 26 27 that is, the infant mortality rate can be 10 times higher between two locations within the same country. 28 Our finding regards the higher mortality of referrals from nonurban areas compared with urban areas, probably is a marker of all these socioeconomic aspects.…”

A cross‐sectional study quantifies the independent contribution of nurses and midwives in child health outcomes

“…Economic affluence (Andrews et al., 2020), urbanization (Garcia, 2020; Singh & Siahpush, 2014) and education (Balaj et al., 2021) have been associated with U5MR reduction in previous studies. To rule out the potential confounding effects from these protecting factors for U5MR in our study, the following 3 variables were included as the controlled variables: Economic affluence, indexed with the GDP PPP (gross domestic per capita product, international $ for purchasing power parity) in 2014 …”

Urbanization Is No Longer Driven by Migration in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries (1985–2015)

“…Reduced mortality differentials by rural/urban sector most likely explain this substantial role of natural increase from early stages of urbanization. Despite overall declines in under‐five mortality, rural mortality remains consistently higher than urban mortality (Garcia 2020; Günther and Harttgen 2012; Bocquier, Madise, and Zulu 2011). Since urban mortality decline initiates the demographic transition (Dyson 2011), we also see the effect of higher urban natural growth early on in the urban transition.…”

Characteristics of Medically Transported Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure in Latin America: Implications for Outcomes

“…There is a significant gap in most of the health indicators between urban and nonurban areas, and these differences are especially large in low- and middle-income countries. The economic inequality in Latin America is a booster to put on the stage of disparities on the health indicators, 24 25 26 27 that is, the infant mortality rate can be 10 times higher between two locations within the same country. 28 Our finding regards the higher mortality of referrals from nonurban areas compared with urban areas, probably is a marker of all these socioeconomic aspects.…”