Urban equity and urban health: using existing data to understand inequalities                 in health and environment in Accra, Ghana and São Paulo, Brazil

Stephens, Carolyn; Akerman, Marco; Avle, Sebastian; Maia, Paulo Borlina; Campanario, Paulo; Doe, Ben; Tetteh, Doris

doi:10.1177/095624789700900115

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For example, in 1990 in Monterey, Mexico, 48% of households situated in the lowest income district of the city had one bedroom in comparison to 16% of households in the most affluent district (48). Similar trends have been uncovered in major urban areas in other developing countries (125).…”

Section: Residential Crowdingmentioning

confidence: 64%

Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Potential Role of Environmental Risk Exposure

Evans

Kantrowitz

2002

Annu. Rev. Public Health

993

616

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Key Words environmental justice, income, socioeconomic status, poverty, environmental risk s Abstract Among several viable explanations for the ubiquitous SES-health gradient is differential exposure to environmental risk. We document evidence of inverse relations between income and other indices of SES with environmental risk factors including hazardous wastes and other toxins, ambient and indoor air pollutants, water quality, ambient noise, residential crowding, housing quality, educational facilities, work environments, and neighborhood conditions. We then briefly overview evidence that such exposures are inimical to health and well-being. We conclude with a discussion of the research and policy implications of environmental justice, arguing that a particularly salient feature of poverty for health consequences is exposure to multiple environmental risk factors. SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH: THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK EXPOSURESatisfactory explanation for the ubiquitous socioeconomic status-health gradient remains elusive, suggesting, in part, that an adequate model of this relation is probably complex and multifaceted (1, 81). In this paper we provide an overview of data indicating that income is inversely correlated with exposure to suboptimal environmental conditions. By environmental conditions we mean the physical properties of the ambient and immediate surroundings of children, youth, and families, including pollutants, toxins, noise, and crowding as well as exposure to settings such as housing, schools, work environments, and neighborhoods. We also briefly cite evidence that each of these environmental factors, in turn, is linked to health. The implicit conceptual model under discussion is as follows (Figure 1): As can be seen above, what we discuss is evidence for two necessary prerequisites for this model to be valid-namely that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with environmental quality and, in turn, that environmental quality affects health. This is not equivalent, however, to the conclusion that SES effects on health are caused

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Section: Residential Crowdingmentioning

confidence: 64%

Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Potential Role of Environmental Risk Exposure

Evans

Kantrowitz

2002

Annu. Rev. Public Health

993

616

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“…7,14,15 More than an ecological epidemiological study of intra-urban differences, it practiced the exercise in negotiation of constructing composite indicators, b,c which influenced a set of research into violence, quality of life and social exclusion/inclusion. [4][5][6] One of those pieces of research was the Violence Risk Map of Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil.…”

Section: A Possible Starting Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medidas de experiencia e cienciometria para avaliar impacto da producao cientifica

Akerman

2013

Rev. Saúde Pública

Self Cite

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ABSTRACT"Experiencimetrics" is proposed as a measure of researchers' academic experience, to complement the existing measure, scientometrics, when evaluating expertise in research. The article is partly based on the author's scientific output, and explores the possibilities of analyzing impact from a qualitative perspective. A synthesis is produced, with possible implications for this analysis, highlighting some options for evaluating the impact of research and articles which are not limited to counting author's citations in order to calculate the impact factor.

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“…Moreover, when the cities were divided into zones, according to socio-economic status (SES) indicators, age-adjusted rates of mortality from heart disease were 2.3 times higher for the population in the lowest SES zone compared to rates of the highest SES zone. Considerable differences in mortality rates due to respiratory problems were also found [5,6]. Additionally, studies have shown that child morbidity and mortality rates in poor urban communities can equal or surpass those in rural communities [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The In-Home Environment and Household Health: A Cross-Sectional Study of Informal Urban Settlements in Northern México

Barud

et al. 2005

IJERPH

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People living in poverty make up nearly half of the global population and a large proportion of these individuals inhabit cities, living in informal settlements. However, only limited research on in-home environmental exposures and the associated health effects in these communities is available. This research investigates the home environment in unplanned settlements of a rapidly growing city on the U.S.-México border and its impact on the health of households with children under 12 years of age. A cross-sectional design was used to assess household exposures and health outcomes at the household level. A total of 202 households were selected from two informal settlements in the peri-urban region of Ciudad Juárez, México. The following variables were significantly associated with the report of at least one household member experiencing a health outcome in a two week period. Allergies were positively associated with insecticide use inside the home (adjusted Relative Odds (RO), 2.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-6.3). Respiratory problems were associated with households using a wood burning stove vs. a gas stove (adjusted RO, 5.64; 95% CI, 1.1-27.9). Diarrhea was negatively associated with presence of a flush toilet in the home (adjusted RO, 0.22; 95% CI,0.1-0.6). Finally, eye irritations were positively associated with indoor tobacco smoke (adjusted RO, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.1-4.5). This research highlights exposures associated with poor living conditions in informal settlements and their associations with detrimental effects on health. More efforts should be made to understand the dynamics of poor urban environments including the health effects of exposures linked with poor housing conditions.

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Urban equity and urban health: using existing data to understand inequalities in health and environment in Accra, Ghana and São Paulo, Brazil

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Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Potential Role of Environmental Risk Exposure

Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Potential Role of Environmental Risk Exposure

Medidas de experiencia e cienciometria para avaliar impacto da producao cientifica

The In-Home Environment and Household Health: A Cross-Sectional Study of Informal Urban Settlements in Northern México

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