Urban Development Types in Cities: An Indian Perspective

Abstract

This research outlines the estimation of comprehensive urban development intensity (CDI) and comprehensive eco-environment stresses (CES) along with a comparative evaluation of CDI and CES in the form of a coupling degree (CD) model. A statistical analysis of twelve Indian cities was considered to gather data, which would help generalize the correlation between urban density and environmental stress. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) identifies land urbanization ratio (LUR), i.e., percentage of impervious area concerning entire area and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) (CODI) discharge per unit area as the principal sub-indices representing CDI and CES respectively for further analysis. In the year 2017, r-value of 0.872 was estimated between CDI and CES using Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation methodology. It was also observed, except Guwahati and Surat, all other cities were loaded with the highest level of urbanization with an immediate effect on proportional intensifying environmental stress. The CD classifications of cities showed most of the cities were designated as high (H) class of urbanization. This research's output showed the environmental status of each city with its growing urbanization and demanded to interrupt the trend of environmental degradation. Such kind of classification of CDI, CES and CD will be beneficial for researchers and urban planners in dealing with cities that will be dwelling as metropolitan territories in days to come.

The Clinical Efficacy of Different Relaxation Exercises on Intraocular Pressure Reduction: A Meta-Analysis

“…One study was excluded as its research participants were identical to those of another study [21]. Ultimately, twelve studies (consisting of 764 eyes) were incorporated into our research [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] (refer to Supplementary Figure S3 and Table 1). The included studies were from Asia (n = 9), the Middle East (n = 2), and Europe (n = 2).…”

“…Most of our recruited studies had a low risk of bias (Supplementary Figure S4). of the studies [26,28,32] were categorized under "some concerns" because of either of details on allocation concealment or due to the potential occurrence of unbalanced protocol interventions. Two studies [21,31] were categorized under "high risk" of bia to multiple domains within these studies being assessed as having "some conc These studies [21,31] showed some bias concerns in two domains, randomization a tervention performance, respectively.…”

“…The main result did not c significantly after removing any one of the included studies. All analyses showed statistical nificant effects of relaxation exercise on IOP reduction[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]32,33].…”

Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them

“…Although the mechanism of glaucoma is still largely unknown, oxidative stress, optic nerve ischemia and neuroinflammation were found playing certain molecular roles in the development of glaucomatous optic nerve degeneration [129]. Furthermore, new evidence suggests that glaucoma could be an autoimmune disease with progressive retinal degeneration caused by T-cells [290].…”