Urban cooling primary energy reduction potential: System losses caused by microclimates

Meggers, Forrest; Aschwanden, Gideon; Teitelbaum, Eric; Guo, Hu; Salazar, Laura; Bruelisauer, Marcel

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.007

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…To quantify the energy consumption in all healthcare building, network analysers, digital luxometers, flowmeters, combustion gas analysers, thermographic cameras, digital thermometers, hygrometers, and energy counters were used [15]. Field inspections were carried out to analyse the initial conditions and check the development of the implemented measures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic and Environmental Impact of Energy Saving in Healthcare Buildings

2018

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The purpose of this article is to estimate the economic and environmental impacts of energy consumption derived from healthcare buildings and proposes several energy-saving options in the sector. An experimental energy consumption study was development between 2005 and 2013 in 12 hospitals and 70 healthcare centres in Spain, built between 1980 and 2005 through audits carried out between 2005 and 2012, performed by the Extremadura Energy Agency. The study focused on electric energy, HVAC, DWH, lighting systems, renewable energies, maintenance strategy, thermal insulation, and optimal building size. Specifically, the following parameters were evaluated: energy savings, investment emission of CO 2 , NO 2 , and SO 2 gases, and payback. The results revealed that through an appropriate energy management of healthcare buildings it is possible to save up to 8.60 kWh/m 2 per year, for buildings of less than 5000 m 2 (with no beds), which represents an expense of 1.55 €/m 2. In healthcare buildings larger than 5000 m 2 (with beds), it was possible to save up to 6.88 kWh/m 2 per year, which represents an expense of 1.25 €/m 2 .

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hygrometers, and energy counters were used [15]. Field inspections were carried out to analyse the initial conditions and check the development of the implemented measures.…”

Section: Optimization Of Electric Energy Installationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and Environmental Impact of Energy Saving in Healthcare Buildings

2018

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“…Consequently, Africa will make up an increasingly larger fraction of total urban land (Güneralp & Seto, 2013). Such recognition of anticipated urban expansion has implications for prioritization of strategies guiding sustainable urban development (i.e., retrofitting relative to planning of future cities), which have largely focused on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and on land-based solutions such as green and cool roofs (Georgescu et al, 2014;Sailor, 2008), increased vegetation fraction (Krayenhoff et al, 2014;Middel et al, 2015), and local engineering-based solutions (Meggers et al, 2016). In addition to potentially beneficial aspects of landscape configuration (Connors et al, 2013), deployment of natural capital within built environments may provide considerable additional human and environmental cobenefits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Geospatial Ecosystem Services Estimate of Urban Agriculture

et al. 2018

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Though urban agriculture (UA), defined here as growing of crops in cities, is increasing in popularity and importance globally, little is known about the aggregate benefits of such natural capital in built‐up areas. Here, we introduce a quantitative framework to assess global aggregate ecosystem services from existing vegetation in cities and an intensive UA adoption scenario based on data‐driven estimates of urban morphology and vacant land. We analyzed global population, urban, meteorological, terrain, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) datasets in Google Earth Engine to derive global scale estimates, aggregated by country, of services provided by UA. We estimate the value of four ecosystem services provided by existing vegetation in urban areas to be on the order of $33 billion annually. We project potential annual food production of 100–180 million tonnes, energy savings ranging from 14 to 15 billion kilowatt hours, nitrogen sequestration between 100,000 and 170,000 tonnes, and avoided storm water runoff between 45 and 57 billion cubic meters annually. In addition, we estimate that food production, nitrogen fixation, energy savings, pollination, climate regulation, soil formation and biological control of pests could be worth as much as $80–160 billion annually in a scenario of intense UA implementation. Our results demonstrate significant country‐to‐country variability in UA‐derived ecosystem services and reduction of food insecurity. These estimates represent the first effort to consistently quantify these incentives globally, and highlight the relative spatial importance of built environments to act as change agents that alleviate mounting concerns associated with global environmental change and unsustainable development.

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“…These temperature increases all represent surface air temperatures. As we and others have shown, surface temperatures can easily be >30 • C warmer than air temperatures reaching extremes above 60 • C (Yang and Li, 2015;Meggers et al, 2016;Middel and Krayenhoff, 2019;Aviv et al, 2021). We argue that the direct radiant heat transfer from these hot surfaces not only add to the heat experienced from warmer urban air temperatures, but actually have significantly larger impacts than the warmer air on urban dwellers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Resolving Radiant: Combining Spatially Resolved Longwave and Shortwave Measurements to Improve the Understanding of Radiant Heat Flux Reflections and Heterogeneity

Merchant¹,

Meggers²,

Hou³

et al. 2022

Front. Sustain. Cities

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We introduce and demonstrate new measurement and modeling techniques to fully resolve the spatial variation in shortwave and longwave radiant heat transfer in the outdoor environment. We demonstrate for the first time a way to directly resolve the shortwave radiant heat transfer from terrestrial reflected and diffuse sky components along with the standard direct solar radiation using an adapted thermopile array and ray-tracing modeling techniques validated by 6-direction net radiometer. Radiant heat transfer is a major component of heat experienced in cities. It has significant spatial variability that is most easily noticed as one moves between shade and direct solar exposure. But even on a cloudy and warm day the invisible longwave infrared thermal radiation from warm surfaces makes up a larger fraction of heat experienced than that caused by convection with surrounding air. Under warm or hot climate conditions in cities, radiant heat transfer generally accounts for the majority of heat transfer to people. Both the shortwave (visible/solar) and the longwave (infrared/thermal) have significant spatial variation. We demonstrate sensor methods and data analysis techniques to resolve how these radiant fluxes can change the heat experienced by >1 kWm−2 across small distances. The intense solar shortwave radiation is easily recognized outdoors, but longwave is often considered negligible. Longwave radiation from heat stored in urban surfaces is more insidious as it can cause changes invisible to the eye. We show how it changes heat experienced by >200 Wm−2. These variations are very common and also occur at the scale of a few meters.

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Urban cooling primary energy reduction potential: System losses caused by microclimates

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Economic and Environmental Impact of Energy Saving in Healthcare Buildings

Economic and Environmental Impact of Energy Saving in Healthcare Buildings

A Global Geospatial Ecosystem Services Estimate of Urban Agriculture

Resolving Radiant: Combining Spatially Resolved Longwave and Shortwave Measurements to Improve the Understanding of Radiant Heat Flux Reflections and Heterogeneity

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