Urban Bus Fleet Conversion to Hybrid Fuel Cell Optimal Powertrains

Melo, Prı́amo A.; Ribau, João P.; Silva, Carla M.

doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.103

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The use of genetic algorithms applied to component optimization in alternative vehicles has been extensively considered in recent works by the author [17][18][19][20], where hybrid urban bus and taxi vehicles were optimized aiming to minimize the cost and the energy consumption of the powertrain in real and synthetic driving conditions. The simultaneous optimization of different objectives using multi-objective algorithms, aiming to minimize the fuel consumption and the GHG emissions [21], has been considered in previous studies by the author [17,22], where besides the cost and efficiency, a life cycle approach is also considered.…”

Section: Road Vehicle Enhancements and Taxi Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides performing a LCA analysis some studies conduct also a detailed review on the cost of the vehicle powertrain components [3,31,32]. In addition to the environmental and financial aspects of vehicles and fuels, several studies complemented this analysis with optimization methods aiming to mitigate the transport impact [17,18,20,22,33].…”

Section: Environmental and Financial Burden Of Alternative Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The component is sized accordingly to a scale parameter, in which the value of 1 regards to the original component, 0.5 to the component sized to half of its nominal power, 2 to match the double of its nominal power, and so on [20,22]. The range of the optimization variables α, i.e., components models and their sizing range, was selected so that the possible powertrain solutions have the capacity, power and performance, which cover a wide range of requirements of the driving conditions to the resultant light-duty vehicle, or taxi in this case.…”

Section: Problem Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxi Fleet Renewal in Cities with Improved Hybrid Powertrains: Life Cycle and Sensitivity Analysis in Lisbon Case Study

2015

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Stringent emissions regulations in cities and the high amount of daily miles driven by taxi vehicles enforce the need to renew these fleets with more efficient and cleaner technologies. Hybrid vehicles are potential candidates due to their enhanced powertrain, and slower battery depletion and fewer lifetime issues, relative to full electric vehicles. This paper proposes a methodology to analyze the best theoretical hybrid powertrain candidate with maximum in-use efficiency, minimum life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, and minimum additional cost, for a Lisbon taxi fleet case study. A multi-objective genetic algorithm integrated with a vehicle simulator is used to achieve several trade-off optimal solutions for different driving patterns. Potential improvements in taxi carbon footprint are discussed as a function of its lifetime, urban/extra-urban driving and maintenance/fuel life cycle uncertainty. Hybrid powertrains reveal to be advantageous comparatively to the conventional vehicle, especially in urban conditions. Specifically optimized solutions could reduce in-use energy consumption by 43%-47% in urban driving, and 27%-34% in extra-urban driving conditions, and reduce life cycle emissions by 47%-49% and 34%-36% respectively, relative to the conventional taxi. A financial gain of 50 $/km/fleet in extra-urban and 226 $/km/fleet in urban routes could be achieved by replacing the taxi fleet with the optimal solutions. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2015, 8 9510

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Section: Road Vehicle Enhancements and Taxi Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental and Financial Burden Of Alternative Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problem Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Taxi Fleet Renewal in Cities with Improved Hybrid Powertrains: Life Cycle and Sensitivity Analysis in Lisbon Case Study

2015

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“…The minimization of the negative environmental im- concern is enhanced by the introduction of more strin- tion measure adopted by the IMO to help ships to comply to hybridize the fuel cell propulsion system in transporta-20 tion applications in order to improve the efficiency of the 21 fuel cell system and its dynamics [6]. The presence of the 22 fuel cell and battery systems together requires an energy 23 management strategy (EMS) to improve the electrical in-24 tegration of the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total energy 416 includes the fuel cell consumed energy from (3), battery 417 depleted energy from (6), and the used energy to recharge 418 the battery back to its initial battery SOC (Energy Batt Ch ) 419 assuming a charging efficiency of 88% [37] as follows 420 Energy Total = Energy FC + Energy Batt + Energy Batt Ch (9) The main inputs of the EMS subsystem are the re-421 quired load power, fuel cell voltage and efficiency, and 422 battery SOC and voltage. Based on these inputs, the used 423 EMS converts the required load power into current and 424 splits it between the fuel cell and battery subsystems as 425 shown in Figure 10.…”

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confidence: 99%

An improved energy management strategy for a hybrid fuel cell/battery passenger vessel

Bassam

Phillips

Turnock

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Hybrid fuel cell propulsion systems for marine applications are attracting widespread interest due to the need to reduce ship emissions. In order to increase the potential of these systems, the design of an efficient energy management strategy (EMS) is essential to distribute the required power properly between different components of the hybrid system. For a hybrid fuel cell/battery passenger ship, a multi-scheme energy managements strategy is proposed. This strategy is developed using four schemes which are: state-based EMS, equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), charge-depleting charge-sustaining (CDCS) EMS, the classical proportional-integral (PI) controller based EMS, in addition to a code that chooses the suitable scheme according to the simulation inputs. The main objective of the proposed multi-scheme EMS is to minimize the total consumed energy of the hybrid system in order to increase the energy efficiency of the ship.The world's first fuel cell passenger ship FCS Alsterwasser is considered and its hybrid propulsion system is modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The performance of the developed multi-scheme EMS is compared to the four studied strategies in terms of total consumed energy, hydrogen consumption, total cost and the stresses seen by the hybrid fuel cell/battery system components considering a daily ship operation of 8 hours. Results indicate that a maximum energy and hydrogen consumption savings of 8% and 16.7% respectively can be achieved using the proposed multi-scheme strategy.

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The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil

et al. 2018

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This study analyses the influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and four different types of buses on the cost of transport service for one bus rapid transit (BRT) route in Curitiba, Brazil. First, the energy use is estimated for different passenger loads and driving cycles for a conventional bi-articulated bus (ConvBi), a hybrid-electric twoaxle bus (HybTw), a hybrid-electric articulated bus (HybAr) and a plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle bus (PlugTw). Then, the fuel cost and uncertainty are estimated considering the fuel price trends in the past. Based on this and additional cost data, replacement scenarios for the currently operated ConvBi fleet are determined using a techno-economic optimisation model. The lowest fuel cost ranges for the passenger load are estimated for PlugTw amounting to (0.198-0.289) USD/km, followed by (0.255-0.315) USD/km for HybTw, (0.298-0.375) USD/km for HybAr and (0.552-0.809) USD/km for ConvBi. In contrast, the coefficient of variation ( C v ) of the combined standard uncertainty is the highest for PlugTw ( C v : 15-17%) due to stronger sensitivity to varying bus driver behaviour, whereas it is the least for ConvBi ( C v : 8%). The scenario analysis shows that a complete replacement of the ConvBi fleet leads to considerable higher cost of transport service on the BRT route, amounting to an increase by 64% to 139%, depending on the bus fleet composition. Meanwhile, the service quality is improved resulting in 42% up to 64% less waiting time for passengers at a bus stop.

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Urban Bus Fleet Conversion to Hybrid Fuel Cell Optimal Powertrains

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Taxi Fleet Renewal in Cities with Improved Hybrid Powertrains: Life Cycle and Sensitivity Analysis in Lisbon Case Study

Taxi Fleet Renewal in Cities with Improved Hybrid Powertrains: Life Cycle and Sensitivity Analysis in Lisbon Case Study

An improved energy management strategy for a hybrid fuel cell/battery passenger vessel

The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil

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