“…Observation techniques have often been deployed in this area of research to capture human-environment interactions unimpeded from the influence(s) of researchers (Han et al, 2022;Joseph & Maddock, 2016;Lynch, 1979). Adding to these approaches, the advent of public participatory geographical information systems (PPGIS) has provided a new approach to observational techniques, which enables participants to identify and map out affordances in, and across, geographical locations (e.g., Kyttä and Kahilia, 2009;Raymond et al, 2016) as well as inform the redesign of physical environments (Bell et al, 2020), which have shown to be efficacious for improving well-being, neighbourhood satisfaction, and perceptions of site quality (Van den Bogerd et al (2021). PPGIS approaches such as SoftGIS also offer the potential to bridge subjective vs objective distinctions by combining local 'soft' knowledge with 'hard' quantitative data (Kahila & Kyttä, 2009;Kyttä et al, 2013).…”