Urban and rural mortality and survival in Medieval England

Walter, Brittany S.; DeWitte, Sharon N.

doi:10.1080/03014460.2016.1275792

Cited by 38 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This may seem young, but would have been more like the norm than the exception in the Middle-Ages. A recent study from medieval England shows that the great majority of the adult population died before the age of 40 and nearly half before the age of 30 [59]. This corresponds very well with data from medieval Norway, including the Library site [16].…”

Section: Three Individuals Three Storiessupporting

confidence: 82%

Three individuals, three stories, three burials from medieval Trondheim, Norway

et al. 2017

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This article presents the life stories of three individuals who lived in Trondheim, Norway, during the 13th century. Based on skeletal examinations, facial reconstructions, genetic analyses, and stable oxygen isotope analyses, the birthplace, mobility, ancestry, pathology, and physical appearance of these people are presented. The stories are discussed within the relevant historical context. These three people would have been ordinary citizens, without any privileges out of the ordinary, which makes them quite rare in the academic literature. Through the study of individuals one gets a unique look into the Norwegian medieval society.

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Section: Three Individuals Three Storiessupporting

confidence: 82%

Three individuals, three stories, three burials from medieval Trondheim, Norway

et al. 2017

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“…A paleopathological study of children and adolescents from rural and urban contexts in Britain suggests that young people, especially women, were relocating to urban areas for work opportunities after the Black Death (Lewis, ). Walter and DeWitte () analyze trends in survivorship and risk of mortality in individuals from a rural and an urban cemetery in late medieval England. They found no significant difference in the risk of mortality for rural versus urban males, but relative to rural counterparts, the risk of mortality for urban females was greater, which suggests that more females were likely migrating to urban environments and experiencing the higher risks associated with urban living such as novel infectious disease, poverty, and famine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic resiliency and the Black Death: No apparent loss of mitogenomic diversity due to the Black Death in medieval London and Denmark

Klunk

Duggan

Redfern

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: In the 14th century AD, medieval Europe was severely affected by the Great European Famine as well as repeated bouts of disease, including the Black Death, causing major demographic shifts. This high volatility led to increased mobility and migration due to new labor and economic opportunities, as evidenced by documentary and stable isotope data. This study uses ancient DNA (aDNA) isolated from skeletal remains to examine whether evidence for largescale population movement can be gleaned from the complete mitochondrial genomes of 264 medieval individuals from England (London) and Denmark.Materials and Methods: Using a novel library-conserving approach to targeted capture, we recovered 264 full mitochondrial genomes from the petrous portion of the temporal bones and teeth and compared genetic diversity across the medieval period within and between English (London) and Danish populations and with contemporary populations through population pairwise Φ ST analysis.Results: We find no evidence of significant differences in genetic diversity spatially or temporally in our dataset, yet there is a high degree of haplotype diversity in our medieval samples with little exact sequence sharing.Discussion: The mitochondrial genomes of both medieval Londoners and medieval Danes suggest high mitochondrial diversity before, during and after the Black Death. While our mitochondrial genomic data lack geographically correlated signals, these data could be the result of high, continual female migration before and after the Black Death or may simply indicate a large

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“…Because teeth do not remodel, defects captured during growth and development are permanent and have been used to infer early life health in a number of populations (e.g., Berbesque & Doran, 2008; Guatelli-Steinberg, Larsen & Hutchinson, 2004; Hoover & Matsumura, 2008; Lieverse et al, 2007; Temple, 2010). Of particular note are the associations between weaning stress (e.g., Herring, Saunders & Katzenberg, 1998; Katzenberg, Herring & Saunders, 1996; Moggi-Cecchi, Pacciani & Pinto-Cisternas, 1994) and earlier age at death (DeWitte & Stojanowski, 2015; Walter & DeWitte, 2017; Yaussy, DeWitte & Redfern, 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and developmental timing of linear enamel hypoplasia defects in Early Archaic Texan hunter-gatherers

Berbesque

Hoover

2018

PeerJ

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Digital photographs taken under controlled conditions were used to examine the incidence of linear enamel hypoplasia defects (LEHs) in burials from the Buckeye Knoll archaeological site (41VT98 Victoria county, Texas), which spans the Early to Late Archaic Period (ca. 2,500–6,500 BP uncorrected radiocarbon). The majority (68 of 74 burials) date to the Texas Early Archaic, including one extremely early burial dated to 8,500 BP. The photogrammetric data collection method also results in an archive for Buckeye Knoll, a significant rare Archaic period collection that has been repatriated and reinterred. We analyzed the incidence and developmental timing of LEHs in permanent canines. Fifty-nine percent of permanent canines (n = 54) had at least one defect. There were no significant differences in LEH frequency between the maxillary and mandibular canines (U = 640.5, n1 = 37, n2 = 43, p = .110). The sample studied (n = 92 permanent canines) had an overall mean of 0.93 LEH defect per tooth, with a median of one defect, and a mode of zero defects. Average age at first insult was 3.92 (median = 4.00, range = 2.5–5.4) and the mean age of all insults per individual was 4.18 years old (range = 2.5–5.67). Age at first insult is consistent with onset of weaning stress—the weaning age range for hunter-gatherer societies is 1–4.5. Having an earlier age of first insult was associated with having more LEHs (n = 54, rho = −0.381, p = 0.005).

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Urban and rural mortality and survival in Medieval England

Abstract: These results suggest that the effects of urbanisation in medieval England varied by sex. Deleterious conditions associated with urbanisation in London were hazardous for adults, particularly females who may have migrated into London from rural areas for labour opportunities.

Cited by 38 publications

References 48 publications

Three individuals, three stories, three burials from medieval Trondheim, Norway

Three individuals, three stories, three burials from medieval Trondheim, Norway

Genetic resiliency and the Black Death: No apparent loss of mitogenomic diversity due to the Black Death in medieval London and Denmark

Frequency and developmental timing of linear enamel hypoplasia defects in Early Archaic Texan hunter-gatherers

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