Urban air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: levels and sources of variability

Menichini, Edoardo

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(92)90368-3

Cited by 119 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…These variations may reflect seasonal changes in ambient concentrations as well as personal behaviour patterns. Seasonal variations in ambient PAH levels similar to those observed for personal exposures in the present study have been reported in a number of studies in European regions, with 2 -to 5-fold lower levels being generally found during the summer (reviewed in Menichini, 1992 ). Large seasonal differences in ambient PAH concentrations were observed in a number of cities of northern Greece, with the winter -to -summer ratio ranging from 4 in the centre of Thessaloniki (with a population of over 1 million ) to 20 in the small town of Kilkis; Papageorgopoulou et al, 1999 ).…”

Section: Variables Both Locations Athens Halkidasupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Such studies have demonstrated in many cases increased risk for genetic damage (increased levels of DNA adducts and chromosomal damage) in populations occupationally exposed to high levels of PAH mixtures arising from industrial point sources or present in the general urban atmosphere ( Anwar and Kamal, 1988;Perrera et al, 1992Perrera et al, , 1993Santella et al, 1993;Binkova et al, 1995Binkova et al, , 1998Chandrasekaran et al, 1996 ) . The levels of air pollution, which were found in such studies to give rise to detectable genotoxic damage in exposed populations, lie within ranges generally considered beyond those normally found in most Western European or US cities, where, in studies conducted since 1980, typical average benzo [a ]pyrene (B [ a] P ) levels have generally been reported to lie in the range of about 1± 5 ng /m 3 in Europe and about 1 ng /m 3 in the US ( Menichini, 1992 ). On the other hand, analogous studies on populations exposed to moderate to low levels of urban air PAH are limited and have not yielded clear results ( for reviews, see Georgiadis and Kyrtopoulos, 1999;Sram and Binkova, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Ambient PAH exposure was measured in numerous studies for urban, industrial, or rural environments (reviewed by Pott, 1983;Menichini, 1992 ), and the PAH profiles from different mobile or stationary sources were reported (IARC Monographs, 1983; reviewed by Daisey et al, 1986 ). Other studies were focused on the quantitative and qualitative differences of indoor and outdoor PAH exposure and the possible effects of indoor activities (e.g., cooking) on the air quality within the house premises (Chuang et al, 1991;Koo et al, 1994;Zheng et al, 1997;Dubowsky et al, 1999) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Georgiadis

Stoikidou

Topinka

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In the context of a large -scale molecular epidemiology study of biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution, 24 -h mean personal exposures to airborne PM 2.5 ( particulate matter < 2.5 m ) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAHs ) were measured in 194 non -smoking technical institute students living in the city of Athens, Greece ( an area with moderately high levels of air pollution ) and the nearby small town of Halkida anticipated to have lower pollution levels. Extensive information relevant to the assessment of long -term and recent exposure to PAH was obtained from questionnaires as well as a time ± location ± activity diary ( TLAD ) which was kept by all subjects during a 4 -day observation period. During the last 24 h of this period, subjects underwent personal exposure monitoring for PM 2.5 and PAH, while a sample of blood was donated at the end of this period. All subjects were monitored in this way twice; once during a winter season ( October ± February ) and once during the following summer season ( June ± September ) . Nine subjects with plasma cotinine levels above 20 ng / ml were considered as unreported smokers and excluded from the study. Winter PM 2.5 exposures were lower in Athens ( geometric mean 39.7 g / m 3 ) than Halkida ( geometric mean 56.2 g / m 3 ) (P < 0.001 ) , while there was no significant location difference during the summer ( Athens: geometric mean 32.3 g / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 32.9 g / m 3 ; P= 0.79 ) . On the other hand, PAH exposures ( sum of the eight carcinogenic PAHs ) were significantly higher in Athens than in Halkida during the winter ( Athens: geometric mean 8.26 ng / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 5.80 ng / m 3 ; P < 0.001 ) as well as during the summer ( Athens: geometric mean 4.44 ng / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 1.48 ng / m 3 ; P < 0.001 ) . There was a significant difference in the profile of the PAH exposures at the two locations, the proportion of lighter PAH ( benzo This difference appeared to be related to individual exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) , as indicated by ( a ) the correlation at the individual level between the CHRYS / BPer ratio and declared time of recent exposure to ETS as well as plasma cotinine levels, especially during the winter; ( b ) the parallel variation of the mean levels of all three markers ( declared ETS exposure, cotinine levels, CHRYS / BPer ratio ) among three subgroups of subjects ( Athens subjects who had lowest levels of all three markers; Halkida subjects other than those living in the institute campus area; and Halkida subjects living in the institute campus area who had the highest levels of all three markers ) . This demonstrates that ETS can have a distinctive effect on the PAH exposure profile of subjects exposed to relatively low levels of urban air pollution.

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Section: Variables Both Locations Athens Halkidasupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Georgiadis

Stoikidou

Topinka

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Urban environment is characterized by higher BbF and INP levels, traffic -dominated sites by higher BghiP and COR levels, and industry by rather higher DBA levels. These observations are in line with earlier detailed investigations on PAH patterns and their sources by Menichini (1992). The results of multiple regression analysis underline the simultaneous effects of time, EastWest differences and site specificity, and explain a considerable proportion of the variability in the patterns of PAH concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Evaluation of ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Germany from 1990 to 1998

Fertmann

Tesseraux

Schumann

et al. 2002

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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All available polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) concentration data in ambient air obtained over the past 10 years in Germany were evaluated to clarify whether it is justified to use benzo( a )pyrene ( BaP ) as a marker compound for the total PAH exposure. The data basis comprises annual mean concentrations from 1990 to 1998 supplied by the emission protection authorities of the federal states with additional information on the region, year and site of measurement. The data are very heterogeneous with respect to sample size, the number of individual PAHs analyzed, place of origin and year. Nine of 25 individual compounds with sufficient sample size ( 74 < N < 518 ) were submitted to an explorative descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis. Six compounds were selected for factor analysis to evaluate whether associations can be related to one or several background determinants. The concentration data of BaA, BeP, BaP, DBA, BghiP, COR, BbF, BkF and INP are not normally distributed and demonstrate great variability. Location, East -West differences persisting after the German reunion and time characterize the distributive patterns, e.g., from 1991 to 1997, a significant decrease in BaP could be determined based on the data from North Rhine -Westphalia ( 1991, N = 51, median 1.6 ng / m 3 ; 1997, N = 45, median 0.7 ng / m 3 ; P 0.0001 ). The BaP concentrations in the new federal states in the East ( N = 80, median 2.2 ng / m 3 ) are about twice as high compared to the ones in the old federal states in the West ( N = 438, median 1.1 ng / m 3 ; P 0.0001 ). BaP measurements taken at sites characterized by traffic ( 1.8 ng / m 3 ), industrial ( 1.3 ng / m 3 ) or urban environment ( 1.3 ng / m 3 ) rank significantly higher compared to measurements taken at rural sites ( 0.92 ng / m 3 ; P 0.0001 ). Factor analysis of the intercorrelation matrix of BaA, BeP, BaP, DBA, BghiP and COR yields one factor to explain 92% of the variability of the six individual PAHs. BaP shows the highest factor loading. These results confirm the common practice to use BaP as marker compound for the PAH exposure in ambient air.

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“…Additionally, nanoparticles can carry organic chemicals and metals to mitochondria and generate ROS [10]. Additionally, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on the surface of airborne PM [11] can activate xenobiotic metabolism to convert PAHs into quinones and producing ROS [12]. Hydroxyl Radical •OH…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Use of Spin Traps to Control ROS in Antipollution Cosmetics—A Review

Sawant¹

2018

Cosmetics

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Abstract:Pollution from air and sunlight has adverse effects on human health, particularly skin health. It creates oxidative stress, which results in skin diseases, including skin cancer and aging. Different types of antioxidants are used as preventative actives in skin-care products. However, they have some limitations as they also scavenge oxygen. Recently, spin traps are being explored to trap free radicals before these radicals generating more free radicals (cascading effect) and not the oxygen molecules. However, not all spin traps can be used in the topical cosmetic skin-care products due to their toxicity and regulatory issues. The present review focuses on the different pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to pollution and the potential use of spin traps in anti-pollution cosmetics to control ROS.

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Urban air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: levels and sources of variability

Cited by 119 publications

References 49 publications

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Evaluation of ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Germany from 1990 to 1998

Potential Use of Spin Traps to Control ROS in Antipollution Cosmetics—A Review

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