Urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of Norwegian men.

Nafstad, Per; Håheim, Lise Lund; Wisløff, Torbjørn; Gram, Frederick; Oftedal, Bente; Holme, Ingar; Hjermann, Ingvar; Leren, Paul

doi:10.1289/ehp.6684

Cited by 225 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similar to the multicity Canadian study, results from these studies also seem to implicate traffic-related air pollution components, as identified by NO 2 and soot (black smoke), which are sometimes more robustly associated with mortality than PM mass (Nafstad et al, 2004;Filleul et al, 2005). As spatial correlations among PM 2.5 , soot, and NO 2 are generally high, the observed results do not allow disentanglement of the role of these components in causing mortality effects following long-term exposure.…”

Section: Surrogate Measures Of Pollutant Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 62%

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Kim

Burnett

Neas

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Air pollution epidemiologic research has often utilized ambient air concentrations measured from centrally located monitors as a surrogate measure of exposure to these pollutants. Associations between these ambient concentrations and health outcomes such as lung function, hospital admissions, and mortality have been examined in short-and long-term cohort studies as well as in time-series and case-crossover studies. The issues related to interpreting the observed associations of ambient air pollutants with health outcomes were discussed at the US EPA sponsored workshop on December 13 and 14, 2006 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. The second session of this workshop focused on the following topics: (1) statistical methodology and study designs that may improve understanding of multipollutant health effects; (2) ambient concentrations as surrogate measures of pollutant mixtures; and (3) source-focused epidemiologic research. New methodology and approaches to better distinguish the effects of individual pollutants include multicity hierarchical modeling and the use of case-crossover analysis to control for copollutants. An alternative approach is to examine the mixture as a whole using principal component analysis. Another important consideration is to what extent the observed health associations are attributable to individual pollutants, which are often from common sources and are correlated, versus the pollutant mixtures that the pollutants are representing. For example, several ambient air concentrations, such as particulate matter mass, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, may be serving as surrogate measures of motor vehicle exhaust. Source apportionment analysis is one method that may allow further advancement in understanding the source components that contribute to multipollutant health effects.

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Section: Surrogate Measures Of Pollutant Mixturesmentioning

confidence: 62%

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Kim

Burnett

Neas

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One study from Oslo included 16,000 men, of whom 25% died during the follow up [103]. This cohort, with people 40–49 years of age at the start of the study, was followed from 1972/73 through 1998.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Raza

Forsberg

Johansson

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: Promotion of active commuting provides substantial health and environmental benefits by influencing air pollution, physical activity, accidents, and noise. However, studies evaluating intervention and policies on a mode shift from motorized transport to cycling have estimated health impacts with varying validity and precision. Objective: To review and discuss the estimation of air pollution exposure and its impacts in health impact assessment studies of a shift in transport from cars to bicycles in order to guide future assessments. Methods: A systematic database search of PubMed was done primarily for articles published from January 2000 to May 2016 according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: We identified 18 studies of health impact assessment of change in transport mode. Most studies investigated future hypothetical scenarios of increased cycling. The impact on the general population was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach in the majority of these studies, whereas some used previously published cost estimates. Air pollution exposure during cycling was estimated based on the ventilation rate, the pollutant concentration, and the trip duration. Most studies employed exposure-response functions from studies comparing background levels of fine particles between cities to estimate the health impacts of local traffic emissions. The effect of air pollution associated with increased cycling contributed small health benefits for the general population, and also only slightly increased risks associated with fine particle exposure among those who shifted to cycling. However, studies calculating health impacts based on exposure-response functions for ozone, black carbon or nitrogen oxides found larger effects attributed to changes in air pollution exposure. Conclusion: A large discrepancy between studies was observed due to different health impact assessment approaches, different assumptions for calculation of inhaled dose and different selection of dose-response functions. This kind of assessments would improve from more holistic approaches using more specific exposure-response functions.

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“…A related problem is that of comparing disparate measures of traffic exposure, such as effects of exposure to Pb (Menke et al, 2006;Schober et al, 2006), NO 2 (Nafstad et al, 2004), PM 10 (Burr et al, 2004), noise, or traffic proximity. An RR based on the mean value may be used to compare the effects of total removal of each of these agents, irrespective of how they were measured.…”

Section: Measures Of Effect (Risk)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Premature mortality (Roemer and van Wijnen, 2001;Hoek et al, 2002;Finkelstein et al, 2004;Nafstad et al, 2004;Lipfert et al, 2006a, b;Maynard et al, 2007). Increased hospitalization (Hagen et al, 2000;Janssen et al, 2002;von Klot et al, 2005;Wellenius et al, 2005;Lanki et al, 2006a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

Lipfert

Wyzga

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This work examines various metrics and models that have been used to estimate long-term health effects of exposure to vehicular traffic. Such health impacts may include effects of air pollution due to emissions of combustion products and from vehicle or roadway wear, of noise, stress, or from socioeconomic effects associated with preferred residential locations. Both categorical and continuous exposure metrics are considered, typically for distances between residences and roadways, or for traffic density or intensity. It appears that continuous measures of exposure tend to yield lower risk estimates that are also more precise than categorical measures based on arbitrary criteria. The selection of appropriate exposure increments to characterize relative risks is also important in comparing pollutants and other agents. Confounding and surrogate variables are also important issues, since studies of traffic proximity or density cannot identify the specific agents related to traffic exposures that might be responsible for the various health endpoints that have been implicated. Studies based on ambient air quality measurements are necessarily restricted to species for which data are available, some of which may be serving as markers for the actual agents of harm. Studies based on modeled air quality are limited by the accuracy of mobile source emission inventories, which may not include poorly maintained (high emitting) vehicles. Additional exposure modeling errors may result from precision limitations of geocoding methods. Studies of the health effects of traffic are progressing from establishing the existence of relationships to describing them in more detail, but effective remedies or control strategies have generally not yet been proposed in the context of these epidemiological studies. Resolution of these dose-response uncertainties is important for the development of effective public health strategies for the future.

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Urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of Norwegian men.

Cited by 225 publications

References 32 publications

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Panel discussion review: session two — interpretation of observed associations between multiple ambient air pollutants and health effects in epidemiologic analyses

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

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