Urban Aerosol Size Distributions: A Global Perspective

Abstract

Abstract. Urban aerosol measurements are necessary to establish associations between air pollution and human health outcomes and to evaluate the efficacy of air quality legislation and emissions standards. The measurement of urban aerosol particle size distributions (PSDs) is of particular importance as they enable for characterization of size-dependent processes that govern a particle’s transport, transformation, and fate in the urban atmosphere. PSDs also improve our ability to link air pollution to health effects through evaluation of particle deposition in the respiratory system and inhalation toxicity. To provide guidance for the evolution of urban aerosol observations, this paper reviews and critically analyzes the current state-of-knowledge on urban aerosol PSD measurements by synthesizing n = 793 PSD observations made between 1998 to 2017 in n = 125 cities in n = 51 countries around the globe. Significant variations in the shape and magnitude of urban aerosol number and mass PSDs were identified among different geographical regions. In general, number PSDs in Europe (EU), North America, Australia, and New Zealand (NAAN) are dominated by nucleation and Aitken mode particles. PSDs in Central, South, and Southeast Asia (CSSA) and East Asia (EA) are shifted to larger sizes, with a meaningful contribution from the accumulation mode. Urban mass PSDs are typically bi-modal, presenting a dominant peak in the accumulation mode and a secondary peak in the coarse mode. Most PSD observations published in the literature are short-term, with only 14 % providing data for longer than six months. There is a paucity of PSDs measured in Africa (AF), CSSA, Latin America (LA), and West Asia (WA), demonstrating the need for long-term aerosol measurements across wide size ranges in many cities around the globe. Inter-region variations in PSDs have important implications for population exposure, driving large differences in the urban aerosol inhaled deposited dose rate received in each region of the human respiratory system. Similarly, inter-region variations in the shape of PSDs impact the penetration of urban aerosols through filters in building ventilation systems, which serve as an important interface between the outdoor and indoor atmospheres. Geographical variations in urban aerosol effective densities were also reviewed. Size-resolved urban aerosol effective density functions from 3 to 10 000 nm were established for different geographical regions and intra-city sampling locations in order to accurately translate number PSDs to mass PSDs, with significant variations observed between near-road and urban background sites. The results of this critical review demonstrate that global initiatives are urgently needed to develop infrastructure for routine and long-term monitoring of urban aerosol PSDs spanning the nucleation to coarse modes. Doing so will advance our understanding of spatiotemporal trends in urban PSDs throughout the world and provide a foundation to more reliably elucidate the impact of urban aerosols on atmospheric processes, human health, and climate.

Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Urban Aerosols in an Eastern Mediterranean City

“…The particle mass size distributions were also estimated using size-resolved effective densities for aerosols as measured in urban background conditions in Asian cities, as reviewed by Wu and Boor [53] ( Table 2). The aerosol effective density can be defined as the ratio of the measured particle mass to the volume calculated from the electrical mobility diameter, assuming spheres.…”

“…The effective densities range from 1.4 to 1.75 times higher than unit density and hence, increases the calculated mass dose rate. Therefore, we will consider the dose rate calculations by using the effective density assessed by Wu and Boor [53] (i.e., red curves in Figure 3). In practice, the effective density changes between locations [54].…”

“…Particle mass size distributions calculated from the measured particle number size distributions (Figure 2): (a) rural background-outside the populated areas in the city, (b) urban background-University of Jordan campus and nearby areas, (c) main roads-traffic, and (d) city center-urban. The black curves were determined by assuming spherical particles of unit density, whereas the red curves were based on effective densities in urban background conditions in Asian cities according to a review by Wu and Boor[53],(Table 2).…”

“…Urban aerosol effective densities for Asian cities according to review by Wu and Boor[53]. Regional and Total Inhaled Dose Rate Calculated regional inhaled deposited dose rates for males and females are shown inFigures 4-7and listed in the Supporting Information,…”

Opinion: Insights into updating Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50EC)

“…concentrations, particle size distributions as well as black carbon or elemental carbon (BC/EC) (e.g. de Jesus et al, 2019;Wu & Boor, 2020). Exposure to air pollution occurs both indoors and outdoors although people spend most of their time indoors (World Health Organization, 2006).…”