Uptake of liposomes by cultured mouse bone marrow macrophages: influence of liposome composition and size

Allen, Theresa M.; Austin, G.A.; Chonn, Arcadio; Lei, Lin; Lee, K.C.

doi:10.1016/0005-2736(91)90268-d

Cited by 319 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…PS appears on the surface of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis (Fadok et al, 1992b;Koopman et al, 1994;Martin et al, 1995) as a consequence of up-regulation of a scrambling activity which randomizes the normal asymmetric transbilayer lipid distribution (Verhoven et al, 1995), bringing PS to the surface, combined with down-regulation of the enzyme responsible for clearing PS from the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer (Verhoven et al, 1995). Since both primary unactivated macrophages and J774 cells can specifically recognize PS in the form of vesicles (Allen et al, 1991;Lee et al, 1993;Pradhan et al, 1994) and also recognize erythrocytes solely by the PS exposed on their surface, why is recognition of apoptotic thymocytes not PS sensitive?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple systems for recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes by macrophages.

Pradhan

Krahling

Williamson

et al. 1997

MBoC

130

163

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In vivo, apoptotic lymphocytes are recognized and phagocytosed by macrophages well before the final stages of DNA degradation and cell lysis. The recognition process is apparently triggered by the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface, an event which precedes cell lysis by several hours. However, multiple receptors appear to respond to this event. We demonstrate here that both activated and unactivated macrophages recognize PS, but with different receptor systems. Phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphocytes by activated (but not by unactivated) macrophages is inhibited by pure PS vesicles as well as by N-acetylglucosamine, implicating involvement of a lectin-like receptor in this case. Conversely, uptake of apoptotic lymphocytes by unactivated (but not by activated) macrophages is inhibited by PS on the surface of erythrocytes as well as by the tetrapeptide RGDS and cationic amino acids and sugars, implicating involvement of the vitronectin receptor in this case. Recognition by both classes of macrophages is blocked by the monocyte-specific monoclonal antibody 61D3. The signal recognized by activated macrophages appears to develop on the lymphocyte prior to assembly of the signal recognized by unactivated macrophages. Collectively, these results suggest that PS exposure on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes generates a complex and evolving signal recognized by different receptor complexes on activated and unactivated macrophages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remarkably, this difference is not due to the deployment of different recognition machinery: activated macrophages retain the vitronectin receptor , whereas PS vesicles are specifically recognized and phagocytosed by unactivated macrophages (Allen et al, 1991;Lee et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple systems for recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes by macrophages.

Pradhan

Krahling

Williamson

et al. 1997

MBoC

130

163

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“…Cholesterol was added to protect phosphatidylcholine from oxidation and to provide rigidity to the liposome vesicles (Allen et al, 1991;Grit et al, 1993). Weight percentage of the charge carrier lipid was varied from 1-10% to see the effect on physical properties and hair growth of the liposomal formulations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Charge Carrier Lipid on Skin Penetration, Retention, and Hair Growth of Topically Applied Finasteride-Containing Liposomes

Lee¹,

Kumar²,

Sriraman³

et al. 2011

Biomolecules and Therapeutics

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of charge carrier lipid on the skin penetration, retention, and hair growth of topically applied fi nasteride-containing liposomes. Finasteride-containing liposomes were prepared by traditional thin fi lm hydration method using Phospholipon ® 85 G and cholesterol with or without charge carrier lipid (1,2 dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate or 1,2-dioleoyl-trimethylammonium-propane for anionic and cationic charge, respectively). Freshly prepared fi nasteride-containing liposome suspension was applied on the hairless mouse skin, and skin penetration and retention were measured using KesharyChien diffusion cell. Non-liposomal formulation (ethanol 10% solution containing 0.5 mg/ml of FNS) was also used as a control. The amount of fi nasteride in the diffusion cell and mouse skin was measured by HPLC. The hair growth was evaluated using depilated male C57BL/6N mice. Mean particle size of all fi nasteride-containing liposomes was less than a micron, and polydispersity index revealed size homogeneity. Skin penetration and retention studies showed that signifi cantly less amount of fi nasteride was penetrated when applied as anionic liposome while more amount of the drug was retained. Specifi cally, in liposome prepared with 10% anionic charge carrier lipid, penetration was 12.99 μg/cm 2 while retention was 79.23 μg/cm 2 after 24 h of application. In hair growth study, fi nasteride-containing anionic liposomes showed moderate effi cacy, but the effi cacy was not found when applied as cationic liposomes. In conclusion, topical application of fi nasteride using anionic liposome formulation appears to be useful option for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia to avoid systemic side effects of the drug. Abstract cifi c inhibitor towards type II 5α-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone into 5α-dihydrotestosterone which is believed to cause androgenetic alopecia. There are two distinct isozymes of the enzyme, i.e., type I and type II. In humans, type I 5α-reductase is predominantly expressed in the sebaceous glands of most regions of skin. In contrast, type II 5α-reductase is predominantly found in hair follicles where hair growth begins as well as prostate, seminal vesicles, and epididymis. Therefore, FNS is widely used for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia.Although FNS is effective in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia, oral use of this drug is largely limited due to various side effects such as erectile dysfunction and impotence. Another serious adverse effect includes gynecomastia, develop-

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“…In animal cells, plasma membrane P4-ATPases clear the outer leaflet of PS, which is an apoptotic signal 27,28 . A similar function is unlikely for ALA10, as plants do not have a surface-based mechanism for the recognition and removal of dying cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A phospholipid uptake system in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2015

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Plants use solar energy to produce lipids directly from inorganic elements and are not thought to require molecular systems for lipid uptake from the environment. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana Aminophospholipid ATPase10 (ALA10) is a P4-type ATPase flippase that internalizes exogenous phospholipids across the plasma membrane, after which they are rapidly metabolized. ALA10 expression and phospholipid uptake are high in the epidermal cells of the root tip and in guard cells, the latter of which regulate the size of stomatal apertures to modulate gas exchange. ALA10-knockout mutants exhibit reduced phospholipid uptake at the root tips and guard cells and are affected in growth and transpiration. The presence of a phospholipid uptake system in plants is surprising. Our results suggest that one possible physiological role of this system is to internalize lysophosphatidylcholine, a signalling lipid involved in root development and stomatal control.

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Uptake of liposomes by cultured mouse bone marrow macrophages: influence of liposome composition and size

Cited by 319 publications

References 30 publications

Multiple systems for recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes by macrophages.

Multiple systems for recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes by macrophages.

Effect of Charge Carrier Lipid on Skin Penetration, Retention, and Hair Growth of Topically Applied Finasteride-Containing Liposomes

A phospholipid uptake system in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana

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