Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles in Several Rat Organs after Intraperitoneal AdministrationIn Vivo: A Fluorescence Study

Abstract

Background. The gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have potential applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In an attempt to characterise the potential toxicity or hazards of GNPs as a therapeutic or diagnostic tool, the fluorescence spectra in several rat organs in vivo were measured after intraperitoneal administration of GNPs. Methods. The experimental rats were divided into control and six groups (G1A, G1B, G2A, G2B, G3A, and G3B; G1: 20 nm; G2: 10 nm; G3: 50 nm; A: infusion of GNPs for 3 days; B: infusion of GNPs for 7 days). The fluorescence measurements were investigated in the liver, kidney, heart, and lung organs of rats after intraperitoneal administration of GNPs for periods of 3 and 7 days in vivo. Results. The 10 and 20 nm GNPs exhibited spherical morphology shape, while the 50 nm GNPs exhibited hexagonal shape. A sharp decrease in the fluorescence intensity induced with the larger 50 nm GNPs in the liver, kidney, heart, and lung organs of rats at the exposure duration of 3 and 7 days in vivo compared with the smaller 10 and 20 nm GNPs was observed. Conclusions. The decrease in fluorescence intensity may be attributed to occurrence of strong quenching, decrease in number and surface area of GNPs, and high clearance of GNPs via urine and bile. Moreover, decreasing size may lead to an exponential increase in surface area relative to volume, thus making GNPs surface more reactive on aggregation and to its surrounding biological components. The size, shape, surface area, number, and clearance of GNPs play a key role in toxicity and accumulation in the different rat organs. This study demonstrates that fluorescence peak intensity is particle size and exposure duration dependent. This study suggests that fluorescence intensity can be used as a useful tool for pointing to bioaccumulation and toxicity induced by GNPs in the different rat organs.

Genotoxicity, biochemical, and biodistribution studies of magnesium oxide nano and microparticles in albino wistar rats after 28‐day repeated oral exposure

“…In this study, it was observed that MgO NPs and MPs significantly enhanced the enzyme levels of ALP, AST, and ALT in serum as well as liver and kidney homogenates of treated rats and was dose but not gender dependent. Increased levels of these enzymes in the tissue homogenates may be due to the extent of hepatocellular injury leading to possible leakage of these enzymes into the bloodstream . A study by Easo et al reported functional integrity of cell membrane would be lost resulting in perturbation of transport function of hepatocytes causes tissue necrosis.…”

A histological evaluation and in vivo assessment of intratumoral near infrared photothermal nanotherapy-induced tumor regression

“…42,43 Regardless of the NP delivery mechanisms used, uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), particularly the liver, spleen, and kidney, prevent up to 90% of systemically injected NPs from successfully reaching the tumor. [44][45][46][47][48][49] New approaches in NP conjugation technology are needed to optimize NP delivery to the tumor. Further, to our knowledge, many studies using NP-enabled NIR photothermal therapy have not included a rigorous histological analysis of treated tumors, thus creating a knowledge gap of the effect of photothermal therapy at the cellular level.…”

<p>Internalization and effects on cellular ultrastructure of nickel nanoparticles in rat kidneys</p>

“…55 Intraperitoneal injection may cause a higher accumulation of AuNPs in kidneys compared with micromolecules. 56 As revealed by the TEM images, the NiNPs used here were spherical. Previously, when a comparison between cubic, spherical and rod-like gold nanoparticles was made, spherical particles showed the highest cellular uptake.…”