Uptake of 8:2 perfluoroalkyl phosphate diester and its degradation products by carrot and lettuce from compost-amended soil

Bizkarguenaga, E.; Zabaleta, Itsaso; Prieto, Ailette; Fernández, Laura García; Zuloaga, Olatz

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.130

Cited by 57 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Short-chain PFAAs could be transferred by maize to the shoots with a shoot:root ratio >2 in nutrient solution experiments [19]. Uptake of PFAAs from biosolid-amended soils was also found in carrot, lettuce, radish, celery, tomato, and sugar snap pea, and the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were the highest for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) among the perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) group for all crops [11,20]. PFOA showed higher water solubility than PFOS (PFOA: 3400 > PFOS: 519 mg·L −1 ), and the higher the water solubility, the higher the plant translocation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Zhang

Tan

Geng

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Field investigations on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels in various environmental matrixes were reported, but there is still a lack of PFAA level data for agricultural environments, especially agricultural producing areas, so we collected soil, irrigation water and agricultural product samples from agricultural producing areas in the provinces of Liaoning, Shandong and Sichuan in China. The background pollution from instruments was removed and C4–C18 PFAAs were detected by LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of PFAAs in the top and deep layers of soil were compared, and the levels of PFAAs in different agricultural environments (greenhouses and open agriculture) were analyzed. We found the order of PFAA levels by province was Shandong > Liaoning > Sichuan. A descending trend of PFAA levels from top to deep soil and open to greenhouse agriculture was shown and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was considered as a marker for source analysis. Bean vegetables contribute highly to the overall PFAA load in vegetables. A significant correlation was shown between irrigation water and agricultural products. The EDI (estimated daily intake) from vegetables should be of concern in China.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Zhang

Tan

Geng

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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“…Similar results were observed for wheat with FOSA-fortified soils [51] and hydroponically grown soybeans and pumpkin [87] except that additional shorter-chain PFSAs (PFHxS and PFBS) were observed, particularly in the roots with some in the shoots, albeit at much lower concentrations than PFOS. PFOS is a known microbial degradation product of FOSA while PFBS and PFHxS are not [34]. The authors attributed the formation of short-chain PFSAs to a unique metabolic pathway.…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, although the authors propose that production of PFBS and PFHxS from FOSA indicates a unique plant-mediated metabolism, it is much more plausible that these results are due to impurities in the technical FOSA used, for which additional support using oxidative stress measures was provided [87]. Enhanced degradation in the presence of plants and formation of additional metabolites relative to what is known to occur in microbially active soils have also been shown for 6:2 FTSA [87] and 8:2 diPAP [34]. Carrots enhanced 8:2 diPAP degradation and yielded additional PFCAs compared to what occurred in soil-only controls as well as what was observed with lettuce [34].…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enhanced degradation in the presence of plants and formation of additional metabolites relative to what is known to occur in microbially active soils have also been shown for 6:2 FTSA [87] and 8:2 diPAP [34]. Carrots enhanced 8:2 diPAP degradation and yielded additional PFCAs compared to what occurred in soil-only controls as well as what was observed with lettuce [34]. Whereas acid metabolites translocated, 8:2 diPAP remained primarily in plant portions in contact with the soil (e.g., carrot, lettuce heart) [34].…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, research has included evaluating PFAS exposure from commonly consumed agricultural products (grains, cereals, vegetables, fruits); therefore, it is crucial to understand PFAS sources to plants and the processes controlling how much of each PFAS is taken up by various plant types. Sources of PFAS to agricultural field crops consist of atmospheric deposition via precipitation or particle-bound PFAS, and absorption from the gaseous phase [17,18], irrigation with contaminated well water or treated wastewater effluent [19][20][21][22][23], pesticides [24•, 25], aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) used to extinguish fires [26], and land-applied sewage sludge or biosolids [27•, 28-32, 33•], as well as industrial or municipal compost [34,35]. Likewise, food grown in hydroponic and greenhouse systems can be impacted by contaminated water as well as other sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Costello

Lee

2020

Curr Pollution Rep

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Purpose of Review Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of > 4700 recalcitrant compounds, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. This review aims to (1) identify PFAS sources and fate processes relevant to agricultural systems and (2) expand on plant uptake mechanisms and plant responses to PFAS. Recent Findings The number of PFAS being quantified in studies involving soil, water, and plants is increasing. Transformation of precursors that tend to stay in the rhizosphere can lead to long-term PFAS reservoir to plants. Some PFAS are readily taken up, particularly the shorter-chain PFAS, and can evoke metabolic responses and phytotoxic effects at high concentrations. PFAS translocation from roots to shoots occurs through both active and passive transport mechanisms. Both PFAS uptake and effects vary between and within species. Summary As new PFAS emerge, it will be necessary to continue expanding the list of PFAS quantified in land-applied media and assessing their accumulation potential in plants. While controlled laboratory or greenhouse studies have merit, comprehensive field studies are needed to provide clarity on PFAS fate and their relative risk in agricultural systems. Field studies should include identifying site-specific PFAS sources, quantifying a broader suite of PFAS and identifying potential precursors, evaluating plant uptake of replacement PFAS, reporting of soil properties and climatic conditions, and assessing risk of impacts to source and irrigation waters. This information can be utilized to inform future studies towards evaluating and mitigating risks to our food chain associated with PFAS in agricultural systems.

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Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies

Weidemann

Lämmer

Stahl

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally ubiquitous, anthropogenic substances with adverse effects on organisms, which shows the need to study their environmental fate and leaching behavior. In the present soil columns study, the leaching behavior and fate of nontransformable and transformable (precursors) were investigated. Ten nontransformable PFAS in two different soils, two precursors and two field soils, which were already contaminated with a mixture of PFAS, and two uncontaminated controls, were set up for a time span of 2 years. At the end of the study, the molecular balance could not be closed for nontransformable PFAS. This effect was positively correlated to the fluorinated carbon chain length. The precursors, which were both polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAP), had different transformation products and transformation rates, with a higher rate for 6:2 diPAP than 8:2 diPAP. After 2 years, amounts of diPAP were still found in the soil with no significant vertical movement, showing high adsorption to soils. Transformation products were estimated to be simultaneously formed. They were predominantly found in the percolation water; the amounts left in soil were negligible. Up to half of the initial precursor amounts could not be balanced and were considered missing amounts. The results of contaminated field soil experiments showed the challenge to estimate PFAS leaching without knowing all occurring precursors and complex transformation dynamics. For this purpose, it was shown that a broad examination of contaminated soil with different analytical methods can help with qualitative estimations of leaching risks. For a better quantitative estimation, analytical determination of more PFAS and a quantification of the missing amounts are needed.

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Uptake of 8:2 perfluoroalkyl phosphate diester and its degradation products by carrot and lettuce from compost-amended soil

Cited by 57 publications

References 36 publications

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies

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