Uptake, assimilation and toxicity of cyanogenic compounds in plants: facts and fiction

Yu, Xiao-Zhang

doi:10.1007/s13762-014-0571-6

Cited by 22 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(181 reference statements)

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“…No toxic signs on barley, oat and wild cane exposed to 50 mg ferro-cyanide/L have been reported (Samiotakis and Ebbs 2004). A similar result has been obtained in our previous studies, where weeping willows allow for exposure of up to 274 mg ferri-cyanide/L without adverse effects (Yu 2015). Although both iron cyanides are quite light-sensitive and undergo photolytic dissociation, releasing toxic free cyanide (Kjeldsen 1999;Yu et al 2011), the half-life of iron cyanides in soils has been estimated to be approximately 100 years at pH of 6.5 in the absence of light using a decomposition model (Meeussen et al 1992).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Indeed, ferro-cyanide [Fe II (-CN) 6 ] -4 and ferri-cyanide [Fe III (CN) 6 ] -3 , are the most commonly found species in soils and groundwater contaminated with cyanide (Mansfeldt et al 2004). Although free cyanide is a known toxic chemical, plants can tolerate much higher concentrations of iron cyanides than free cyanide (Yu et al 2005a;Yu 2015). No toxic signs on barley, oat and wild cane exposed to 50 mg ferro-cyanide/L have been reported (Samiotakis and Ebbs 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the genes expression involved in phyto-degradation of cyanide and ferri-cyanide

Zhang

2016

Ecotoxicology

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Hydroponic experiments were conducted with different species of plants (rice, maize, soybean and willow) exposed to ferri-cyanide to investigate the half-saturation constant (K M ) and the maximal metabolic capacity (v max ) involved in phyto-assimilation. Three varieties for each testing species were collected from different origins. Measured concentrations show that the uptake rates responded biphasically to ferri-cyanide treatments by showing increases linearly at low and almost constant at high concentrations from all treatments, indicating that phyto-assimilation of ferri-cyanide followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using non-linear regression, the highest v max was by rice, followed by willows. The lowest v max was found for soybean. All plants, except maize (DY26) and rice (XJ12), had a similar K M value, suggesting the same enzyme was active in phyto-assimilation of ferri-cyanide. Transcript level, by real-time quantitative PCR, of enzymes involved in degradation of cyanides showed that the analyzed genes were differently expressed during different cyanides exposure. The expression of CAS and ST genes responded positively to KCN exposure, suggesting that β-CAS and ST pathways were two possible pathways for cyanide detoxification in rice. The transcript level of NIT and ASPNASE genes also showed a remarkable up-regulation to KCN, implying the contribution to the pool of amino acid aspartate, which is an end product of CN metabolism. Up-regulation of GS genes suggests that acquisition of ammonium released from cyanide degradation may be an additional nitrogen source for plant nutrition. Results also revealed that the expressions of these genes, except for GS, were relatively constant during iron cyanide exposure, suggesting that they are likely metabolized by plants through a non-defined pathway rather than the β-CAS pathway.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the genes expression involved in phyto-degradation of cyanide and ferri-cyanide

Zhang

2016

Ecotoxicology

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“…This is probably due to the fact that DMP resulted in more adverse damage on biomass growth of plants than transpiration. It is obvious when levels of chemicals accumulated in plant materials are below toxicity threshold, plants are able to maintain their normal functioning (Yu 2014). However, if phyto-assimilation rate of chemicals is slower than accumulation in plants, phytotoxic effects could appear.…”

Section: Effective Concentrations Of Dmp For Rice Seedlingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of effective concentrations of 1,2-dimethyl phthalate (DMP) to rice seedlings

Yue

2014

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is one of the most widely used plasticizers. Due to its anthropogenic inputs, DMP has become a serious contaminant in soils and water. Hydroponic experiments were conducted focusing on phytotoxic responses of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) to 1,2-dimethyl phthalate. Relative growth rate (RGR) and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured as response endpoints to quantify the effective concentrations (ECs) of DMP to rice seedlings. As a comparison, acute phytotoxicity of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used as solvent media was also determined. Results showed that acute toxicity of DMP to rice seedlings was evident, but selected endpoints had different responses to DMP exposure. RGR of rice seedlings was more sensitive to change of DMP than WUE. EC-48 h values for 10, 20 and 50 % inhibition of the RGR were estimated to be 6.18, 38.41 and 329.41 lL for rice seedlings exposed to DMP, respectively, while smaller ECs were obtained for 96 h exposure.Results from phytotoxicity of DMSO demonstrated that the doses of DMSO used for dissolving DMP had a negligible effect on rice seedlings. In conclusion, DMP is problematic at relatively low concentrations for rice seedlings, and inhibitory effects are highly dependent on response endpoints and the duration of exposure period.

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“…Generally, free cyanide originates from both anthropogenic and natural processes [6]. The anthropogenic sources of cyanide range from eluents discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plants, agricultural run-of, mining activities and electroplating industries [7,8], including the application of some cyanide containing insecticides in the agricultural industry, which culminates in environmental contamination [9]. Cyanides and CGs have also been generated in plants and agricultural produce such as Manihot esculenta (cassava), with the waste generated through processing of such produce contributing to the cyanide load into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Cyanogens and Mycotoxins from Cultivated Cassava into Agricultural Soil: Effects on Groundwater Quality

Itoba-Tombo¹,

Ntwampe²,

Mudumbi³

2017

Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks

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Cyanogens and mycotoxins are vital in protecting lora against predation. Nevertheless, their increased concentrations and by-products in agricultural soil could result in produce contamination and decreased crop yield and soil productivity. When exposed to unsuitable weather conditions, agricultural produce such as cassava is susceptible to bacterial and fungal atack, culminating in spoilage, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, and contributing to cyanogen and mycotoxins loading of the arable land. The movement of cyanogen including mycotoxins in such soil can result in sub-surface and/ or groundwater contamination, thus deteriorating the soil's environmental health and negatively afecting wildlife and humans. Persistent cyanogen and mycotoxins loading into agricultural soil changes its physico-chemical characteristics and biotic parameters. These contaminants and their biodegradation by-products can be dispersed from soil's surface and sub-surface to groundwater systems by permeation and percolation through the upper soil layer into underground water reservoirs, which can result in their exposure to humans and wildlife. Thus, an assessment and monitoring of cyanogen and mycotoxins loading impacts on arable land and groundwater in communities with minimal resources should be done. Overall, these toxicants impacts on agricultural soil's biotic community, afect soil's aggregates, functionality and lead to the soil's low productivity, cross-contamination of fresh agricultural produce.

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Uptake, assimilation and toxicity of cyanogenic compounds in plants: facts and fiction

Cited by 22 publications

References 106 publications

Determination of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the genes expression involved in phyto-degradation of cyanide and ferri-cyanide

Determination of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the genes expression involved in phyto-degradation of cyanide and ferri-cyanide

Quantification of effective concentrations of 1,2-dimethyl phthalate (DMP) to rice seedlings

Leaching of Cyanogens and Mycotoxins from Cultivated Cassava into Agricultural Soil: Effects on Groundwater Quality

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