Uptake and Phytotransformation of Organophosphorus Pesticides by Axenically Cultivated Aquatic Plants

Gao, J; Garrison, Arthur W.; Hoehamer, Christopher F.; Mazur, and C. S.; Wolfe, N. Lee

doi:10.1021/jf9904968

Cited by 119 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Interestingly, the opposite appears to have occurred. For example, whereas Gao et al [23] documented less than a 50% reduction in aqueous malathion concentration over 48 h (nominal concentration applied ¼ 1,000 mg/L), the present study's data suggest much higher dissipation rates, because all of the macrophyte treatments containing Elodea made the water completely non-toxic to Daphnia within 48 h, even at the highest malathion concentrations tested.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

“…However, although many highly-lipophilic insecticides with Log K OW values greater than 6.0 (e.g., pyrethroid and organochlorine insecticides) will bind rapidly to submersed macrophytes [20,21], malathion is relatively hydrophilic (Log K OW ¼ 2.3), and it remains unclear how much macrophytes will sorb this insecticide. In the aforementioned experiment by Gao et al [23], the authors found no evidence that malathion was taken up by macrophytes during the first 48 h following exposure. Though they attribute the dissappearance of malathion from the water column after 48 h to sorption by Elodea, the authors only measured malathion's concentration in Elodea on day 8 and thus cannot determine how much of malathion's disappearance from the water column was due to sorption versus other breakdown processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Though no previous studies have examined the rates at which submersed macrophytes can reduce the toxicity of water to aquatic taxa following insecticide exposure, a small body of research has examined dissipation rates of insecticides in the presence of submersed macrophytes. For example, Gao et al [23] examined the rate at which malathion concentrations decreased in culture medium in the presence of two submersed macrophyte species (Myriophyllum aquaticum and E. canadensis). However, the macrophyte densities (100,000 g fresh wt/m 3 ) used in that study were 10 times higher than even the maximum Elodea density used in the present study ($10,000 g fresh wt/m 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, submersed macrophytes can sorb up to 90% of insecticides from the water column within 24 h, but such high sorption rates only occur for highly lipophilic compounds (i.e., Log octanolwater partition coefficient, K OW > 6.0), such as organochlorine (e.g., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]) and pyrethroid (e.g., lambda-cyhalothrin) insecticides [20,21]. For less lipophilic compounds-such as the commonly applied organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos (Log K OW ¼ 4.81) and malathion (Log K OW ¼ 2.3)-the amount of insecticides removed from the water column by macrophytes typically ranges from 0 to 50% in a 24-h period [18,22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitigating with macrophytes: Submersed plants reduce the toxicity of pesticide‐contaminated water to zooplankton

Brogan

Relyea

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-In ecotoxicology, appreciation is growing for the influence that ecological interactions have on the toxicity of contaminants, such as insecticides, to sensitive species. Most previous studies, however, have focused on factors that exacerbate insecticide effects on species, while factors that may mitigate these effects have been relatively ignored. In aquatic habitats, a small number of studies have shown that submersed macrophytes can remove some insecticides from the water column via sorption. Although examining sorption dynamics is important for understanding the environmental fate of insecticides, whether and to what extent macrophytes actually mitigate insecticide effects on aquatic species remains unknown. In the present study, the authors examined how much and how quickly several realistic densities of the macrophyte Elodea canadensis decreased the toxicity of the insecticide malathion to Daphnia magna, a keystone aquatic herbivore. To do this, the authors quantified Daphnia survival in outdoor test systems (0.95 L) exposed to a factorial combination of five Elodea densities crossed with five malathion concentrations. The authors discovered that malathion's lethality to Daphnia decreased with increasing Elodea density. Furthermore, the rate at which Elodea reduced malathion's toxicity in the water column increased with macrophyte density. These results provide strong evidence that submersed macrophytes can mitigate the ecological impacts of a popular insecticide and further support that ecological interactions can strongly influence contaminant environmental effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:699-706. # 2012 SETAC

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitigating with macrophytes: Submersed plants reduce the toxicity of pesticide‐contaminated water to zooplankton

Brogan

Relyea

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…It is generally more difficult to work with organic contaminants because of their molecular diversity, the complexity of analysis, and the constant transformations that they are subject to (Cunningham & Ow, 1996), in addition to the possibility of transforming the pollutants in sub products that are more toxic than the original substance. Some microorganisms (bacteria, micro-algae, and fungi) have also shown a capacity to partially or totally biodegrade the atrazine molecule, resulting in the formation of ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (Ueta et al, 1999(Ueta et al, , 2004Gao et al, 2000;Andersona et al, 2002;Lanyi & Dinya, 2003.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of macrophytes for removing atrazine from aqueous solution

et al. 2011

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-The potential of three macrophytes, Azolla caroliniana, Salvinia minima, and Lemna gibba was assessed in this study to select plants for use in environmental remediation contaminated with atrazine. Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse over six days in pots containing Hoagland 0.25 strength nutritive solution at the following atrazine concentrations: 0; 0.01; 0.1; 1.0; 10.0 mg L -1 . Decrease in biomass accumulation was observed in the three macrophytes, as well as toxic effects evidenced by the symptomatology developed by the plants which caused their deaths. The chlorosis and necrosis allowed to observe in the plants the high sensitivity of the three species to the herbicide. Plants presented low potential for removal of atrazine in solution when exposed to low concentrations of the herbicide. However, at the 10.0 mg L -1 atrazine concentration, L. gibba and A. caroliniana showed potential to remove the herbicide from the solution (0.016 and 0.018 mg atrazine per fresh mass gram, respectively). This fact likely resulted from the processes of atrazine adsorption by the dead material. The percentage of atrazine removed from the solution by the plants decreased when the plants were exposed to high concentrations of the pollutant. Azolla caroliniana, S. minima, and L. gibba were not effective in removing the herbicide from solution. The use of these species to remedy aquatic environments was shown to be limited.Keywords: Azolla caroliniana, Salvinia minima, Lemna gibba, herbicide, bioremediation.RESUMO -Avaliou-se, neste estudo, o potencial de três macrófitas -Azolla caroliniana, Salvinia minima e Lemna gibba -com vistas à seleção de plantas para remediação de ambientes contaminados por atrazine. Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação durante seis dias, em vasos contendo solução nutritiva Hoagland (0,25 de força iônica), nas seguintes concentrações de atrazine: 0; 0,01; 0,1; 1,0; e 10,0 mg L -1 . A redução da biomassa acumulada pelas macrófitas foi observada, bem como os efeitos de toxidez evidenciados pela sintomatologia desenvolvida nas plantas, os quais causaram sua morte. Clorose e necrose observadas nas plantas mostraram a alta sensibilidade das três espécies ao herbicida. As plantas demonstraram baixo potencial para remoção de atrazine, quando expostas ao herbicida em baixas doses. Entretanto, na concentração de 10,0 mg L -1 de atrazine, L. gibba e A. caroliniana mostraram potencial para remover o herbicida da solução (0,016 e 0,018 mg de atrazine por grama de massa fresca, respectivamente). Esse fato provavelmente resultou do processo de adsorção de atrazine pela matéria morta. A porcentagem de atrazine removida da solução pelas plantas diminuiu quando estas foram expostas a altas concentrações do poluente. Azolla caroliniana, S. minima e L. gibba não foram eficazes na remoção do herbicida na solução. A utilização dessas espécies para sanar ambientes aquáticos mostrou-se limitada.

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