Uptake and depuration kinetics of dicofol metabolite 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone, in the edible Asiatic clam Meretrix meretrix

Abstract

Uptake and depuration kinetics of 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone (main metabolite of dicofol) in the edible clam Meretrix meretrix were evaluated through a mesocosm experiment. M. meretrix was exposed to different dicofol concentrations (environmental concentration, D1 = 50 ng/L; supra-environmental concentration, D2 = 500 ng/L) for 15 days, followed by the same depuration period. To accomplish this goal, an analytical method was successfully optimized for 4,4′-DCBP using QuEChERS as extraction method with a range of concentrations 0.3-76.8 ng/g ww quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrated different kinetics of accumulation depending on the two dicofol treatments. For D1, the uptake kinetic was best fitted using a plateau followed by one phase association kinetic model, while for D2 a one phase association kinetic model suited better.Similar bioconcentration factors were obtained for both concentrations but only animals exposed to D2, showed 4,4′-DCBP levels above the limits of quantification after 24 h exposure. These animals also showed lower uptake rate (k u ) than organisms exposed to D1.During the depuration period, only organisms exposed to D1 successfully depurated after 24 h. On the other hand, although animals exposed to D2 presented higher elimination factor, they did not reach the original levels after depuration. Moreover, values detected in these clams were higher than the Maximum Residue Level (10 ng/g) established by the European legislation. This indicates that longer periods of depuration time than the ones used in this study, may be needed in order to reach safe levels for human consumption. This work also demonstrated that studies on metabolite kinetics during uptake/depuration experiments, could be a new alternative to understand the impact and metabolism of pesticides in the marine environment.

Immunological quantitative detection of dicofol in medicinal materials

“…Since its residues in the environment are persistent, [4][5][6] they can easily cause serious environmental pollution and even pose a threat to organisms in the environment including humans. [7][8][9][10] In recent years, many studies have shown that exposure to DIC in the environment or its residues in foods has severe toxic effects on various mammals and humans, especially on aquatic organisms. [11][12][13][14] To reduce hazards involving food safety and human health, the use of DIC on crops has been strictly limited.…”

Resonant and non-resonant femtosecond ionization mass spectrometry of organochlorine pesticides

“…2,11 Due to a long history of using these chemicals, they accumulate in agricultural fields. 12 Many techniques have been developed to analyze OCPs in various matrices such as soil, food, blood, human fat, liver, kidney, etc. [13][14][15] In general, analytes in a real sample are measured after a pretreatment to reduce matrix effects.…”