Uptake and accumulation of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate by earthworms from water and soil

Haque, A.; Ebing, W.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90365-8

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Immersing earthworms into an aqueous solution of pesticide is another convenient approach for examining its potential effect, but its application is limited by the water solubility of the pesticide. 13,14,17,[19][20][21] Exposing the earthworm to the natural soil treated with pesticide is the most realistic scenario. However, many environmental factors greatly influence the effects of a pesticide on earthworms; soil properties such as pH and organic matter content, 11,22) dissolved organic carbon in pore water, 23) adsorptiondesorption hysteresis with sequestration in the soil, 12,[24][25][26] and microbial degradation.…”

Section: Methods Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since most pesticides fall under these criteria, the metabolic contribution becomes important when these factors are discussed. The 14 C-based BCF values of carbofuran, 19) aldicarb 20) and pentachlorophenol 21) were simplistically estimated to be less than 3 by dipping the earthworm into aqueous solution of each pesticide, similarly to the bioconcentration study in fish. The lower log K ow or partial dissociation together with the metabolic transformation results in lower BCF values.…”

Section: Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the earthworm

Katagi

Ose

2015

Journal of Pesticide Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The toxic effects of pesticides on earthworms, one of the most important bioindicators in the terrestrial environment, are closely related to their body burden determined by uptake, metabolism and excretion processes. Not only the passive diffusion via the outer skin from a dissolved fraction of pesticide but also the ingestion of contaminated soil and food governs the uptake process, with each contribution controlled by either the hydrophobicity of the pesticide or the soil organic matter. Although the available information is limited, earthworms are likely to metabolize pesticides via hydrolysis and oxidation (Phase I) followed by conjugation (Phase II), and low bioaccumulation is observed as a result for most pesticides. The acute toxicity in the soil exposure can be partly explained by the dissolved fraction of pesticide in pore water, but the contribution of dietary uptake and metabolism should be further studied to correctly evaluate pesticide toxicity.

show abstract

Section: Methods Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the earthworm

Katagi

Ose

2015

Journal of Pesticide Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Suppression of phagocytosis could have resulted from uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation [5], alterations of cell membranes [10] by PCP, or both. Haque and Ebing [10] report that earthworms metabolize PCP into polar conjugates that have a high affinity for lipids and proteins, which could allow binding to cell membranes. Because phagocytosis involves membrane engulfment of particles, any structural damage resulting from such bindings could disturb that process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies using standardized filter paper and artificial soil exposure protocols [3, 4] have assessed toxic potential of PCP to earthworms, primarily Eisenia fetida [1, 5–9]. Several studies have directly examined PCP toxicity in contaminated soils [1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 10,]. However, few report actual body burden‐based toxicity [1, 9], and none report on sublethal toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pentachlorophenol on survival of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and phagocytosis by their immunoactive coelomocytes

Giggleman

Fitzpatrick

Goven

et al. 1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-Earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, exposed for 96 h to filter paper saturated with five nominal concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP: 5-50 g PCP/cm 2 ), exhibited a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 25.0 g PCP/cm 2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.8-27.2) and corresponding whole worm body burden-based 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 877.7 g PCP/g dry mass (95% CI: 828.5-927.0). Linear regression modeling showed that worms increased body concentrations (BC ϭ g PCP/g dry tissue mass) with increasing exposure concentrations (EC) according to BC ϭ 113.5 ϩ 29.5EC (r 2 ϭ 0.94, p ϭ 0.03). Phagocytosis of yeast cells by immunoactive coelomocytes was suppressed only at body concentrations (863.3 g PCP/g dry mass) that approximated the calculated LD50 and overlapped those demonstrating lethality, indicating a sharp transition between sublethal and lethal toxicity. An exposure concentration of 15 g PCP/cm 2 produced significant suppression of phagocytosis of yeast cells by immunoactive coelomocytes. However, the average measured body burden from this group (863.3 g PCP/g dry mass) approximated the estimated LD50, indicating a sharp toxic response slope. Exposure to 10 g PCP/cm 2 with a corresponding body concentration of 501.3 g PCP/g dry mass did not affect phagocytosis. The importance of body burden data is emphasized.

show abstract

“…Earthworms appear to have the ability to bind xenobiotics or their metabolites in unextractable forms [22]. Specifically, Haque and Ebing [23] documented the formation of unextractable compounds in worms exposed to 14 C-PCP. Differences between species in the ability to bind PCP may have contributed to the observed differences in ILLs yet similar body residues.…”

Section: Fig 1 Toxicity Curves For Three Species Of Earthworm Exposmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessing the effects of modifying factors on pentachlorophenol toxicity to earthworms: Applications of body residues

Fitzgerald

Warner

Lanno

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-This study examined the toxicokinetic relationship between critical body residues (CBRs) of pentachlorophenol (PCP) at lethality, soil PCP concentrations, and modifying factors of toxicity such as body size, species, temperature, and soil type during 28-d bioassays with earthworms. Eisenia fetida (0.2-0.4 g) were exposed to PCP at 15 and 24ЊC in artificial soil and at 24ЊC in Brookston clay. Lumbricus terrestris (3.3-4.6 g) and Eudrilus eugeniae (1.5-2.7 g) were exposed in artificial soil at 15 and 24ЊC, respectively. Soil PCP concentrations ranged from 0 to 6.75 mmol PCP/kg soil (dry weight), and body residues were measured by gas chromatography following cryoextraction of freeze-dried earthworms. Comparisons of toxicity were made using incipient lethal levels (ILLs) and CBRs at lethality. The equations estimated by nonlinear curve fitting of a one-compartment, first-order kinetics model provided a good fit to the observed data for all species, temperatures, and soil types at which tests were conducted. Incipient lethal levels for L. terrestris (0.72 mmol/kg soil) and E. eugeniae (0.63 mmol/kg soil) were similar and significantly higher than those for all E. fetida treatments. Incipient lethal levels for E. fetida exposed to PCP in artificial soil at 15 and 24ЊC were similar and lower than the ILL for E. fetida exposed to PCP in Brookston clay. The toxicity half-lives were similar for all E. fetida treatments but were higher than for the larger worms, L. terrestris and E. eugeniae, which were similar. Mean CBRs at lethality for E. fetida tested in artificial soil at 24ЊC ranged from 0.33 to 0.74 mmol/kg (wet weight) over the range of soil PCP exposure concentrations from 0.12 to 3.75 mmol PCP/kg. Mean CBRs for E. fetida exposed to PCP at 24ЊC in Brookston clay ranged from 0.51 to 1.59 mmol PCP/kg (wet weight) over the same range of soil PCP concentrations and were not significantly different. Critical body residues for E. fetida (15ЊC), L. terrestris, and E. eugeniae tested in artificial soil at 2.10 mmol PCP/kg ranged between 0.34 and 0.80 mmol PCP/kg. Residues in surviving worms were either similar to or lower than those in dead worms. Similar CBRs in three species of earthworms differing 10-fold in body size, and for E. fetida exposed to PCP concentrations ranging over more than two orders of magnitude in two different soil types, demonstrate that body residues can act to more effectively integrate the relationship between test organism, exposure, and mortality than soil toxicant concentrations alone.

show abstract

Uptake and accumulation of pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate by earthworms from water and soil

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the earthworm

Toxicity, bioaccumulation and metabolism of pesticides in the earthworm

Effects of pentachlorophenol on survival of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and phagocytosis by their immunoactive coelomocytes

Assessing the effects of modifying factors on pentachlorophenol toxicity to earthworms: Applications of body residues

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About