Upscaling Solution‐Processed Perovskite Photovoltaics

Abstract

The performance of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells has reached a certified efficiency of 25.5% over the past decade, which has attracted significant attention as a promising candidate for photovoltaic (PV) applications. However, the most efficient perovskite solar cells were produced by the technique of spin coating, which is extremely limited in terms of upscaling production for the commercialization of the technology. Furthermore, the efficiencies of large‐area perovskite modules are still significantly lower than those of lab size solar cells. Thus, there are still some challenges that need to be overcome to bridge the efficiency gap between small‐area perovskite solar cells and large‐area perovskite devices. The first challenge lies in preparing high‐quality perovskite layers by low‐cost and scalable techniques with high reproducibility. Second, selecting and depositing charge extraction layers as well as bottom and top electrodes by scalable and low‐cost techniques are essential tasks. In this review, recent progress and challenges of scalable technologies for solution‐based coating and printing of perovskite PVs are summarized and analyzed. Based on the analysis, strategies and opportunities are proposed to promote the development of stable and efficient large‐area perovskite PV toward commercialization.

Roles of Long‐Chain Alkylamine Ligands in Triple‐Halide Perovskites for Efficient NiOx‐Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

“…OrganicÀinorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) have been considered as the most potential next-generation photovoltaic (PV) materials to fabricate solution-processed, high-performance, and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs). [1][2][3][4][5][6] PSCs have demonstrated an incredibly efficiency improvement from 3.8% up to 25.8% (certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.7%) in the shortest time, which has been considered as a milestone in the history of PV technology. [7,8] There is no doubt that this emerging PV technology has a great opportunity to compete with and conquer the existing other PV technologies and go for its commercialization in the near future.…”

Advances in Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics Enabling a Greener Internet of Things

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 44 ] Copyright 2020, Wiley‐VCH GmbH. c) PCE of PSCs by increasing the device's active area from different manufacturing techniques.…”

“…The zoomed in area depicts a cross section of three cells, which shows that three distinct patterning steps are required (Ag‐bottom electrode, ZnO and photoactive layer, and PEDOT:PSS top electrode) to properly separate the adjacent cells. [ 44 ] Finally, the technology transfer from the inert (oxygen and moisture‐free) environment of the glovebox in research labs to ambient air deposition in industrial settings should also be accounted for.…”

“…The zoomed in area depicts the device architecture. Reproduced with permission [44]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH.…”

Gas‐Assisted Spray Coating of Perovskite Solar Cells Incorporating Sprayed Self‐Assembled Monolayers

“…[14] To drive PSC technology toward commercialization, it is increasingly important to develop new perovskite and chargetransporting materials that combine high-performance, enhanced operational stability, low-cost and the ability to be deposited using scalable techniques. [15] In n-i-p PSCs, the widely used hole-transport layer (HTL) spiro-OMeTAD has been a bottleneck to the development of large-area devices due to a combination of thermal and dopant instability and high materials cost. [16,17] Other commonly used p-i-n HTLs also have drawbacks; for example the conjugated polymers poly[bis(4phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) and poly(N,N′bis-4-butylphenyl-N,N′-bisphenyl)benzidine (poly-TPD) require costly synthesis.…”