Uprzednie porozumienia cenowe w Polsce i innych państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej

Abstract

Purpose – Indicating the Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) as a tool to help taxpayers in reducing tax risk and assessing the functioning of APAs in Poland compared to other European Union Member States through the prism of the time of negotiations. Research method – The analysis of empirical data (from the period 2015–2019), the analysis of legal acts in economic terms, studies of the literature on the subject. Results – Advance Pricing Agreements, as a tax risk minimization tool, have been in force in Poland for a relatively short period of time. The analysis covered data from 5 years. This enabled the formulation of a positive assessment of the functioning of APAs in Poland in comparison to other Member States of the European Union. On the basis of the analysis, the suggested change in operation should be shortening the average time of negotiating APAs, e.g. by considering the introducion of a simplified procedure for requesting Advance Pricing Agreements. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – Research on advance pricing agreements is not developed, neither in Poland nor in other Member States of the European Union, therefore the results presented in this article can be considered innovative and implying the in-depth analyses.

Analiza i ocena procedury wyborów niekonkurencyjnych w niemieckim samorządzie ubezpieczeniowym

“…W samorządzie równy głos posiadają ubezpieczeni i pracodawcy, a ubezpieczenia są finansowane zarówno ze składek pracodawców, jak i pracowników. Obejmują ubezpieczenie zdrowotne, pielęgnacyjne, emerytalne, na wypadek bezrobocia i wypadkowe [Balon i Hesse 2010, 7;Kasperkiewicz i Miłosz 2002, 57-70;Jodkowska 2009;Piasny i Woś 1992;Szcześniak 2013;Wienand 1999]. Zasada państwa socjalnego posiada wymiar negatywny i pozytywny.…”