Upregulation of dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor system in the dorsal hippocampus contributes to morphine withdrawal-induced place aversion

Determination of trace morphine and its metabolites in mouse urine using a TpBD functionalized bivalve magnetic nano-adsorbent

“…On the one hand, the appropriate administration of morphine can effectively alleviate postoperative pain in patients by modulating the central nervous system's response to pain throughout the body. 1 Conversely, the misuse or excessive use of this medication may lead to severe side effects, including a heightened risk of addiction, 2 psychological distress, 3 respiratory depression, 4 physical dependence, 5 and drug tolerance. 6 In humans, morphine undergoes rapid metabolism, yielding two primary metabolites identified as morphine-3-glucuronide ( M3G ) and morphine-6-glucuronide ( M6G ) 7 through the glucuronidation process catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 2B7 (ref.…”