Upper respiratory tract infections: etiology, current treatment, and experience with fluoroquinolones

Garau, Javier; Barry, B.; Butzler, Jean‐Paul; Dagan, Ron; Pelton, Stephen I.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00694.x

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Over time, rhinoviruses and coronaviruses were discovered, and as methods for their detection improved, their importance in viral respiratory diseases was recognized. They are considered to be responsible for 50% to 75% of upper respiratory tract infections [4] immunocompromised patients, and are mainly caused by Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Etiological Agent(s) of Respiratory Tract Infections in Symptomatic Individuals during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Drive-Thru Mobile Collection Site Study

et al. 2022

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One of the tools to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was to increase the number of performed tests and to improve the access to diagnostics. To this effect, mobile collection sites (MCSs) were established. This study was performed on samples collected at the MCS between November 2020 and March 2021. We aimed to confirm/exclude SARS-CoV-2, differentiate SARS-CoV-2 variants, and detect other respiratory pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses were identified by RT-qPCRs. A total of 876 (46.35%) SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens in the diagnostic tests were identified. The wild-type variant was determined in 667 (76.14%) samples; the remaining 209 (23.86%) samples specimens were identified as Alpha variant. A total of 51 (5.6%) non-SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected in retrospective studies. These accounted for 33 cases of mono-infection including rhinovirus (RV), human adenovirus (HAdV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), enterovirus (EV), and influenza virus, and 18 cases of co-infection (SARS-CoV-2 with RV or HAdV or HMPV, and RV with EV). Our research shows that the results obtained from the MCS have value in epidemiological studies, reflecting national trends on a micro scale. Although the spread of COVID-19 is a major public health concern, SARS-CoV-2 is not the only pathogen responsible for respiratory infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Etiological Agent(s) of Respiratory Tract Infections in Symptomatic Individuals during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Drive-Thru Mobile Collection Site Study

et al. 2022

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“…Respiratory infections claim more than 1.5 million annual deaths worldwide, 42% of which occur due to the lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) while the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) contribute 24%. [ 136 ] URTI is a contagious illness caused by virus and bacteria where inflammation occurs at the upper respiratory tract, namely nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. It is one of the most common diseases in adults and children and the reason for doctor visits in the healthcare setting presenting with varying symptoms, such as sore throat, cough, runny nose, and lethargy.…”

Section: Upper Respiratory Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is one of the most common diseases in adults and children and the reason for doctor visits in the healthcare setting presenting with varying symptoms, such as sore throat, cough, runny nose, and lethargy. [ 136 ] Generally, symptomatic relief is indicated for common cold, sore throat, and cough unless bacterial infection is suspected. Antibiotics are usually given to the three most significant URTIs: sinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis.…”

Section: Upper Respiratory Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the role of antibiotics and steroids in managing respiratory diseases

Chellappan

Prasher

Shukla

et al. 2022

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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Respiratory diseases (RDs), such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and pneumonia, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics and steroids. Relevant published literature reviews, studies, and clinical trials were accessed from institutional and electronic databases. The keywords used were respiratory diseases, steroids, antibiotics, and combination of steroids and antibiotics. Selected articles and literature were carefully reviewed. Antibiotics are often prescribed as the standard therapy to manage RDs. Types of causative respiratory pathogens, spectrum of antibiotics activity, route of administration, and course of therapy determine the type of antibiotics that are prescribed. Despite being associated with good clinical outcome, treatment failure and recurrence rate are still high. In addition, antibiotic resistance has been widely reported due to bacterial mutations in response to the use of antibiotics, which render them ineffective. Nevertheless, there has been a growing demand for corticosteroids (CS) and antibiotics to treat a wide variety of diseases, including various airway diseases, due to their immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory properties. The use of CS is well established and there are different formulations based on the diseases, such as topical administration, tablets, intravenous injections, and inhaled preparations. Both antibiotics and CS possess similar properties in terms of their anti‐inflammatory effects, especially regulating cytokine release. Thus, the current review examines and discusses the different applications of antibiotics, CS, and their combination in managing various RDs. Drawbacks of these interventions are also discussed.

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“…However, large-scale therapeutic advancement dates back to 1997, when tobramycin for inhalation was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients with cystic fibrosis [2]. Respiratory tract infections affect people in all ages and are very common [3][4][5]. Globally, infections of the lower respiratory tract are among the top three major causes of morbidity and every year, these can be responsible for approximately 3.5 million deaths in the world [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary drug delivery systems of antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections

Csóka

Karimi

Mukhtar

et al. 2019

APH

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Respiratory infections cause an extensive health problem in the world. The common treatment for respiratory infections is the administration of antibiotics orally or parenterally in a high dose. Unfortunately, these therapies of high-dose antimicrobials have many disadvantages, such as severe side effects. Consequently, the development of an inhaled formulation provides the delivery of the therapeutic dose of the drug to the organ of interest without overt systemic effects. Novel technological advances have led to the development of inhaled antibiotics. Recent particle engineering techniques for dry powder inhalers (DPI) or mesh nebulizers have higher aerosolization efficiencies and promote the delivery of high-dose antibiotics to the lungs. However, advanced formulation strategies are in high demand for the development of new formulations for more types of antibiotics. Despite all the current research, patient compliance with pulmonary dosage forms remains to be very low because of the inappropriate administration techniques. Hence, this review focuses on three key aspects of the pulmonary dosage forms of antibiotics; the marketed products, the formulation approaches under research and innovative formulation strategies for achieving drug delivery through the respiratory tract.

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Upper respiratory tract infections: etiology, current treatment, and experience with fluoroquinolones

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Viral Etiological Agent(s) of Respiratory Tract Infections in Symptomatic Individuals during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Drive-Thru Mobile Collection Site Study

Viral Etiological Agent(s) of Respiratory Tract Infections in Symptomatic Individuals during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Drive-Thru Mobile Collection Site Study

Exploring the role of antibiotics and steroids in managing respiratory diseases

Pulmonary drug delivery systems of antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections

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