Upper Limb Muscle–Bone Asymmetries and Bone Adaptation in Elite Youth Tennis Players

Ireland, Alex; Maden‐Wilkinson, Thomas M.; McPhee, Jamie S.; Cooke, Karl; Narici, Marco V.; Degens, Hans; Rittweger, Jörn

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31828f882f

Cited by 78 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Greater diaphyseal BMC was observed at the mid‐tibia, which appeared to result from greater periosteal circumference (and hence cortical area and moment of inertia), rather than differences in BMD. A similar pattern has been observed in regular exercise, high levels of vigorous PA, and in early locomotion, supporting a role of altered loading in effects of motor competence on bone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Taken together, these results suggest that motor competence has a greater influence on habitual loading in males. Resultant effects on bone may be compounded by the fact that the skeleton of adolescent males appears more responsive to high impact activity and long‐term exercise compared to females. However, skeletal growth and maturation is slower in boys compared to girls, and cortical BMD at age 17 years is lower in males compared to females consistent with the fact that males are yet to complete cortical consolidation .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motor Competence in Early Childhood Is Positively Associated With Bone Strength in Late Adolescence

Ireland

Sayers

Deere

et al. 2015

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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The onset of walking in early childhood results in exposure of the lower limb to substantial forces from weight bearing activity that ultimately contribute to adult bone strength. Relationships between gross motor score (GMS), at 18 months and bone outcomes measured at age 17 years were examined in 2327 participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Higher GMS indicated greater motor competence in weight‐bearing activities. Total hip bone mineral density (BMD) and hip cross‐sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) were assessed from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone measures including cortical bone mineral content (BMC), periosteal circumference (PC), cortical thickness (CT), cortical bone area (CBA), cortical BMD (BMDC) and cross‐sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at 50% distal‐proximal length. Before adjustment, GMS was associated with hip BMD, CSMI, and tibia BMC, PC, CT, CBA and CSMI (all p < 0.001) but not BMDC (p > 0.25). Strongest associations (standardized regression coefficients with 95% CI) were between GMS and hip BMD (0.086; 95% CI, 0.067 to 0.105) and tibia BMC (0.105; 95% CI, 0.089 to 0.121). With the exception of hip BMD, larger regression coefficients were observed in males (gender interactions all p < 0.05). Adjustment for lean mass resulted in substantial attenuation of regression coefficients, suggesting associations between impaired motor competence and subsequent bone development are partly mediated by alterations in body composition. In conclusion, impaired motor competence in childhood is associated with lower adolescent bone strength, and may represent a risk factor for subsequent osteoporosis. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor Competence in Early Childhood Is Positively Associated With Bone Strength in Late Adolescence

Ireland

Sayers

Deere

et al. 2015

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…Overall, men have larger HM4 values than women, which mainly relate to relative bone size (bigger femoral head and wider femoral neck), and these advantages were greater in earlier‐walking men. This sex‐specific association is similar to reports of greater hip area and femoral neck cross‐sectional area in earlier‐walking males only in a similar subcohort of the NSHD, and greater increases in bone size attributable to exercise in adolescent and adult males compared to females …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age at Onset of Walking in Infancy Is Associated With Hip Shape in Early Old Age

Ireland

Saunders

Muthuri

et al. 2018

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Bones’ shapes and structures adapt to the muscle and reaction forces they experience during everyday movements. Onset of independent walking, at approximately 12 months, represents the first postnatal exposure of the lower limbs to the large forces associated with bipedal movements; accordingly, earlier walking is associated with greater bone strength. However, associations between early life loading and joint shape have not been explored. We therefore examined associations between walking age and hip shape at age 60 to 64 years in 1423 individuals (740 women) from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, a nationally representative British birth cohort. Walking age in months was obtained from maternal interview at age 2 years. Ten modes of variation in hip shape (HM1 to HM10), described by statistical shape models, were ascertained from DXA images. In sex‐adjusted analyses, earlier walking age was associated with higher HM1 and HM7 scores; these associations were maintained after further adjustment for height, body composition, and socioeconomic position. Earlier walking was also associated with lower HM2 scores in women only, and lower HM4 scores in men only. Taken together, this suggests that earlier walkers have proportionately larger (HM4) and flatter (HM1, HM4) femoral heads, wider (HM1, HM4, HM7) and flatter (HM1, HM7) femoral necks, a smaller neck‐shaft angle (HM1, HM4), anteversion (HM2, HM7), and early development of osteophytes (HM1). These results suggest that age at onset of walking in infancy is associated with variations in hip shape in older age. Early walkers have a larger femoral head and neck and smaller neck‐shaft angle; these features are associated with reduced hip fracture risk, but also represent an osteoarthritic‐like phenotype. Unlike results of previous studies of walking age and bone mass, associations in this study were not affected by adjustment for lean mass, suggesting that associations may relate directly to skeletal loading in early life when joint shape changes rapidly. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

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“…As a species, humans preferentially use the right upper limb (Ambrose, 2001), and many skeletal studies have argued that lateralized behaviors among humans (e.g. handedness) lead to the differences in bone size and shape between sides, especially of the upper limb (Trinkaus et al, 1994;Ruff, 2000;Steele, 2000;Lieberman et al, 2001Lieberman et al, , 2003Kontulainen et al, 2003;Auerbach and Ruff, 2006;Auerbach and Raxter, 2008;Lazenby et al, 2008a,b;Fatah et al, 2012;Ireland et al, 2013). Directional asymmetry provides researchers with the opportunity to examine the effects of different mechanical loading regimes, as it is hypothesized that genetic, hormonal, climatic, and nutritional factors affect both sides equally.…”

Section: Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuating and directional asymmetry in the long bones of captive cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

Reeves

Auerbach

Sylvester

2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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This first study of DA and FA among multiple dimensions throughout the limbs of a non-hominoid primate suggests that previously-reported patterns of human bilateral asymmetry are not exclusive to humans. The results further indicate potential underlying differences in constraints on variation within limb bones. While processes shaping variation await further study, our results argue that different long bone dimensions may reflect dissimilar evolutionary processes.

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Upper Limb Muscle–Bone Asymmetries and Bone Adaptation in Elite Youth Tennis Players

Cited by 78 publications

References 35 publications

Motor Competence in Early Childhood Is Positively Associated With Bone Strength in Late Adolescence

Motor Competence in Early Childhood Is Positively Associated With Bone Strength in Late Adolescence

Age at Onset of Walking in Infancy Is Associated With Hip Shape in Early Old Age

Fluctuating and directional asymmetry in the long bones of captive cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

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