Upper Labial Frenumattachment and Medium Diastema; A Comparative Study Between Kurdish and Arab Teenagers in Zakho City, Kurdistan, Iraq

Abstract

Background: To find out the various types of upper labial frenum attachment in both ethnic groups, to compare the various types of upper labial frenum attachment between both ethnics and sexes in the groups and to estimate the presence and measurement of medium diastema in both ethnics and sexes in the groups. Subject and Methods: A cross sectional study encompassed 307 Arab and Kurdish secondary school students aged 15-19 years in Zakho city. Kurdish group included 176 teenagers (82 males and 94 females). Arab group included 131 teenagers (55 males and 76 females). By using dental mirrors, Williams periodontal probes and gloves each subject was examined in term of evaluation of the frenum attachment level and measurement of the medium diastema then recording the data in a designed questionnaire. Results: The results revealed that frenum classes; I (frenum fibers are attached up to mucogingival junction), II (frenum fibers are inserted within attached gingiva), III (frenum fibers are extending into inter dental papilla), IV (frenum fibers cross the alveolar process and extend up to palatine papilla), were found in (36.6%, 58.8%, 3.1%, 1.5%) respectively of Arab teenagers and in (34%, 57.3%, 6.2%, 2.2%) respectively of Kurdish teenagers. There were no significant differences in frenum classes neither between Arab males and females nor between Kurdish males and females, while the difference was significant in frenum classes between Arab and Kurdish teenagers. The diastemas (0mm, 1mm, 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 4mm) were found in (81.6%, 4.5%, 9.1%, 0.7%, 3%, 0.7%) respectively of Arab teenagers and in (88.6%, 0.5%, 3.4%, 3.4%, 0.5%, 1.7%) respectively of Kurdish teenagers. Conclusions:The study concluded that the majority of both Arab and Kurdish teenagers have no diastema and the majority of them have class II frenum attachment. Arab teenagers have more proportions of class I, II and IV frenum attachment, except class III, and more proportions of having diastema than Kurdish teenagers.

Morphological variations of the labial frenum, type of attachment and presence of diastemas: integrative review

“…After the reading of the abstracts and full texts, 40 articles were selected for the present review [6,8,9,. Among these 40 articles, 18 in 19 publications offered data on both the morphology and attachment of the frenum [8,[11][12][13]15,16,21,22,[25][26][27][28]41,[43][44][45]47], nine offered data only on morphology [9,18,20,23,24,[38][39][40]42] and twelve offered data only on attachment level [6,17,19,29,[33][34][35][36][37]46,48]. The results of the 40 studies are summarized in tables 1 and 2.…”

“…The studies that evaluated the morphology or attachment of frena involved a total of 22,912 individuals. Seventeen studies were conducted in India [8,16,[21][22]24,26,28,[30][31][37][38][39]41,43,[45][46]; five in Brazil [11][12][13][14][15]; five in Nepal [19,32,34,44,48]; two in Iraq [35,36]; one in Peru [18]; one in Denmark [9]; one in Ecuador [20]; one in Jordan [40]; one in Pakistan [25]; one in Malaysia [27]; one in the Czech Republic [17]; one in Poland [6]; one in Iran [29]; one in Turkey [47] and one in the United States of America [42].…”