Upper gastrointestinal pathophysiology due to mouse malaria Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection

Abstract

Background Epigastric pain, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal problems are among the most important symptoms of malaria infection as they suggest the possibility that the condition is serious. Pathophysiologies such as gastric mucosal changes and delayed gastric emptying have been reported in serious cases of malaria infection. However, it is unclear whether or not pathophysiological involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract occurs in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected mice. Methods PbA-infective Anopheles mosquitoes were used to infect mice via the natural route of infection. Fifteen PbA-C57BL/6 mice were used as a cerebral malaria model and the same numbers of PbA-BALB/c mice were used as a cerebral malaria-resistant model, and then we investigated the pathophysiological involvement of the stomach and small intestine. Results On day 8 post infection, six PbA-C57BL/6 mice showed cerebral malaria and nine others had uncomplicated infection. All the PbA-C57BL/6 mice on that same day showed severe weight loss with multiple, red gastric patches and changes to the course of the small intestine with villus goblet cell enlargement. In addition, cerebral malaria cases showed gastric gas retention with submucosal edema and small intestinal shortening. In PbA-BALB/c mice, overextension of the stomach and gas retention were evident from week 2 after PbA infection, as well as changes to the course of the small intestine and mesenteric thinning with fragility. Conclusions We described the upper gastrointestinal pathophysiology representing new findings directly linked to malarial severity and subsequent death in PbA-infected mice as a mouse model of malaria infection.

Gut microbiota is essential in PGRP-LA regulated immune protection against Plasmodium berghei infection

“…Six to eight-week-old BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 10 6 infected RBCs with GFP-tagged P. berghei (ANKA). To evaluate parasitemia, tail smears were taken and stained with Giemsa (Baso Diagnostics Inc, Zhuhai, China), the number of parasites per 3000 RBCs were counted [33]. When the parasitemia reached 4-6%, the infected mice were used to feed mosquitoes that had been starved overnight; the mosquitoes were then maintained at 21 °C.…”

STATUS BERAT BADAN MENCIT (Mus musculus) BALB/C SETELAH INFEKSI Plasmodium berghei

“…Berkurangnya berat badan juga dikarenakan akibat kerusakan organ, gangguan fungsi metabolik, dan hipoglikemia yang berkaitan dengan infeksi malaria (Shimada et al, 2019;WHO, 2011). Dengan demikian, dapat dibayangkan bahwa infeksi akut berulang dengan peningkatan permeabilitas gastrointestinal pada akhirnya harus dikaitkan dengan gangguan nutrisi dan pertumbuhan (Sowunmi et al, 2007).…”

“…Selain itu juga adanya dampak kurang nafsu makan akibat infeksi menjadi salah satu hal yang memungkinkan berakibat pada penurunan berat badan. Berat badan pada mencit berkurang karena jumlah makanan yang dikonsumsi mencit berkurang secara seignifikan (Shimada et al, 2019;Basir et al, 2012).…”

The differences of parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with extract of mango parasite leaves with Artemisinin combination

“…The weight loss is also in line with the increased number of red blood cells in the infected mice. Weight loss in mice is caused by organ systems damage, impaired metabolic function, and hypoglycemia disorders (Shimada et al, 2019). The impacts after Plasmodium infection include acute fluid and nutrient loss resulting from increased activity of the permeability of the digestive tract (Wilairatana et al, 1997).…”