Upper Extremity Discoloration Caused by Subcutaneous Indigo Carmine Injection

OʼHara, Jerome F.; Connors, Dean F.; Šprung, Juraj; Ballard, Lester A.

doi:10.1213/00000539-199611000-00043

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Indigo carmine has also been re to affect blood oxygen saturation, but the decrease in oxygen levels is not very large Adverse effects of indigo carmine after skin contact have also been reported. After the use of indigo carmine in various surgeries, the dye extravasates into the skin and can cause severe irritation [27,103,134,135]. Fortunately, the only symptoms that patients have are discoloration and edema that last from 24 to 48 h [27,103,134,135].…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Using Indigo Carmine In Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

Ristea,

Zarnescu

2023

JoX

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Dyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and has many adverse effects, it is found in many foods, and the maximum permitted level is 500 mg/kg. Indigo carmine is one of the most used dyes in the textile industry, especially for dyeing denim, and it is also used in medicine due to its impressive applicability in diagnostic methods and surgical procedures, such as in gynecological and urological surgeries and microsurgery. It is reported that indigo carmine is toxic for humans and can cause various pathologies, such as hypertension, hypotension, skin irritations, or gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss the structure and properties of indigo carmine; its use in various industries and medicine; the adverse effects of its ingestion, injection, or skin contact; the effects on environmental pollution; and its toxicity testing. For this review, 147 studies were considered relevant. Most of the cited articles were those about environmental pollution with indigo carmine (51), uses of indigo carmine in medicine (45), and indigo carmine as a food additive (17).

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Section: Adverse Effects Of Using Indigo Carmine In Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

Ristea,

Zarnescu

2023

JoX

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“…After the use of indigo carmine in various surgeries, the dye extravasates into the skin and can cause severe irritation [27,103,134,135]. Fortunately, the only symptoms that patients have are discoloration and edema that last from 24 to 48 h [27,103,134,135].…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Using Indigo Carmine In Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

Ristea,

Zarnescu

2023

Preprint

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Dyes, as indigo carmine have become indispensable to modern life being widely used in food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine and cosmetic industries. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and presents many adverse effects, it is heavily used in the food industry because the blue pigment is difficult to obtain from natural sources and is one of the most used dyes in the textile industry, especially for dyeing denim. Also, indigo carmine is one of the dyes used in medicine as diagnostic agent because it has impressive applicability in terms of diagnostic methods and surgical procedures. In the literature it is reported that indigo carmine is toxic for humans and can cause various pathologies, such as hypertension, hypotension, skin irritations, corneal and conjunctival disorders or gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss the structure and properties of indigo carmine, its use in various industries and medicine, the adverse effects of its ingestion, injection or skin contact, the effects on environmental pollution and its toxicity testing.

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“…Although indigo carmine is reported to be a biologically inactive dye, there are many adverse effects associated with its intravenous administration, such as hypertension [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], bradycardia, and arrhythmias [ 21 , 30 ]. Severe irritation, edema, or discoloration may also occur following skin exposure [ 7 , 30 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Indigo Carmine on Growth, Cell Division, and Morphology of Allium cepa L. Root Tip

Ristea,

Zarnescu

2024

Toxics

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Indigo carmine has a variety of uses in foods, textiles, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. There are studies reporting the toxic potential of indigo carmine on human health and the environment. In this study, we investigated the cytogenotoxic effects of indigo carmine using apical root cells of Allium cepa. Allium cepa bulbs were subjected to four treatments with indigo carmine (0.0032, 0.0064, 0.0125, and 0.2 mg/mL) and to ultrapure water as a control. After 5 days, root growth, root length, mitotic index, mitotic inhibition, chromosomal anomalies, and cell morphology were analyzed. According to our results, a decrease in root length and mitotic index was observed at all concentrations of indigo carmine. Additionally, several types of chromosomal abnormalities were observed, such as disturbed metaphase, sticky chain metaphase, anaphase bridge, and laggard chromosomes. Moreover, histological observation indicated that indigo carmine induces alterations in various components of root tip tissue, such as deformation and alteration of the cell wall, progressive condensation of chromatin, shrinkage of the nuclei, and an increase in the number of irregularly shaped nuclei and nuclear fragments. Our results indicate that the tested concentrations of indigo carmine may have toxic effects and raise concerns about its intensive use in many fields.

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Upper Extremity Discoloration Caused by Subcutaneous Indigo Carmine Injection

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

Effects of Indigo Carmine on Growth, Cell Division, and Morphology of Allium cepa L. Root Tip

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