Upper arm posture during human embryonic and fetal development

Kumano, Yousuke; Tanaka, Sayaka; Sakamoto, Rino; Kanahashi, Toru; Imai, Hirohiko; Yoneyama, Akio; Yamada, Shigehito; Takakuwa, Tetsuya

doi:10.1002/ar.24796

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…We recently presented data on upper-arm posture [ 15 ], as well as the morphogenesis and position of the scapula [ 20 ]. There were similarities in posture between the upper arms and thighs, as described in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Femoral posture during embryonic and early fetal development: An analysis using landmarks on the cartilaginous skeletons of ex vivo human specimens

et al. 2023

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The pre-axial border medially moves between the fetal and early postnatal periods, and the foot sole can be placed on the ground. Nonetheless, the precise timeline when this posture is achieved remains poorly understood. The hip joint is the most freely movable joint in the lower limbs and largely determines the lower-limb posture. The present study aimed to establish a timeline of lower-limb development using a precise measurement of femoral posture. Magnetic resonance images of 157 human embryonic samples (Carnegie stages [CS] 19–23) and 18 fetal samples (crown rump length: 37.2–225 mm) from the Kyoto Collection were obtained. Three-dimensional coordinates of eight selected landmarks in the lower limbs and pelvis were used to calculate the femoral posture. Hip flexion was approximately 14° at CS19 and gradually increased to approximately 65° at CS23; the flexion angle ranged from 90° to 120° during the fetal period. Hip joint abduction was approximately 78° at CS19 and gradually decreased to approximately 27° at CS23; the average angle was approximately 13° during the fetal period. Lateral rotation was greater than 90° at CS19 and CS21 and decreased to approximately 65° at CS23; the average angle was approximately 43° during the fetal period. During the embryonic period, three posture parameters (namely, flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of the hip) were linearly correlated with each other, suggesting that the femoral posture at each stage was three-dimensionally constant and exhibited gradual and smooth change according to growth. During the fetal period, these parameters varied among individuals, with no obvious trend. Our study has merits in that lengths and angles were measured on anatomical landmarks of the skeletal system. Our obtained data may contribute to understanding development from anatomical aspects and provide valuable insights for clinical application.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 7-T MRI system was used to acquire 3D images of fetal specimens with a CRL of 37.2–103 mm, whereas the 3-T MRI system was utilized to obtain 3D images of fetal samples with a CRL of >116 mm. The conditions for acquisition are described elsewhere [ 15 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femoral posture during embryonic and early fetal development: An analysis using landmarks on the cartilaginous skeletons of ex vivo human specimens

et al. 2023

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“…The appropriate coil size and data acquisition settings were selected based on the size of the specimens 43 . Conversely, the clinical 7-T MRI system with a single-channel transmit and 28-channel receive knee coil (Quality Electrodynamics, OH, USA) or the 3-T MRI system was used for imaging fetus specimens with a CRL ≥ 88 mm 43 , 44 . During image acquisition, the fetus specimens were embedded in 1% agarose gel to fix their positions and avoid air bubble artifacts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual dimorphism of the human fetal pelvis exists at the onset of primary ossification

Kanahashi,

Matsubayashi,

Imai

et al. 2024

Commun Biol

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Human adolescent and adult skeletons exhibit sexual dimorphism in the pelvis. However, the degree of sexual dimorphism of the human pelvis during prenatal development remains unclear. Here, we performed high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging-assisted pelvimetry on 72 human fetuses (males [M]: females [F], 34:38; 21 sites) with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 50–225 mm (the onset of primary ossification). We used multiple regression analysis to examine sexual dimorphism with CRL as a covariate. Females exhibit significantly smaller pelvic inlet anteroposterior diameters (least squares mean, [F] 8.4 mm vs. [M] 8.8 mm, P = 0.036), larger subpubic angle ([F] 68.1° vs. [M] 64.0°, P = 0.034), and larger distance between the ischial spines relative to the transverse diameters of the greater pelvis than males. Furthermore, the sacral measurements indicate significant sex-CRL interactions. Our study suggests that sexual dimorphism of the human fetal pelvis is already apparent at the onset of primary ossification.

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“…According to the size of the samples, appropriate coil size and settings for data acquisition were selected (Table S1). In contrast, the human 7-T MRI system was used with a single-channel transmit, and 28-channel receive knee coil (Quality Electrodynamics, OH, USA) or the 3-T MRI system was applied to fetal imaging in samples with CRL > 90 mm (Table S2) (Kumano et al, 2022). During image acquisition, samples were embedded in 1% agarose gel to fix their position and avoid air bubble artifacts.…”

Section: Mr Image Processing and Selection Of Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tentorium cerebelli formation during human embryonic and early fetal development

Matsunari

Kanahashi

Otani

et al. 2022

The Anatomical Record

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The morphologies of the fetal tentorium cerebelli (TC) and brain influence each other during development. This study aimed to analyze and more comprehensively understand the three-dimensional morphogenesis of the TC and fetal brain. We examined magnetic resonance imaging from 64 embryonic and fetal specimens (crown-rump length range, 9.2-225 mm). During the embryonic period, the lateral folds of the TC elongated to traverse the middle part of the midbrain. The TC and falx cerebri appeared separated, and no invaginations at the parieto-occipital region were observed. In the early fetal period, the cerebrum covered approximately half of the midbrain. The separation of the dural limiting layer at the parieto-occipital region widened from the posterior cerebrum to the cranial cerebellum. The lateral folds of the TC were spread between its tip, continuous with the falx cerebri, and its base plane, located between the midbrain and rostral hindbrain. Differences in the TC components' growth directions gradually diminished as the cerebrum covered the midbrain. We observed rotation of the TC at its median section according to its growth, which ceased in the middle fetal period. The brainstem and cerebellum extended inferiorly via differential growth, with the cerebrum covering them superiorly. The morphology of the TC curved to conform to the cerebellar and cerebral surfaces. Our present study suggests that factors affecting TC morphology differ between the early and middle fetal periods. Present data provided a more comprehensive view of TC formation according to developmental stage.

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Upper arm posture during human embryonic and fetal development

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Femoral posture during embryonic and early fetal development: An analysis using landmarks on the cartilaginous skeletons of ex vivo human specimens

Femoral posture during embryonic and early fetal development: An analysis using landmarks on the cartilaginous skeletons of ex vivo human specimens

Sexual dimorphism of the human fetal pelvis exists at the onset of primary ossification

Tentorium cerebelli formation during human embryonic and early fetal development

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