Upper Airway Obstruction in Children With Down Syndrome

Tympanometric and TOAEs Results of Kuwaiti School Children with Down Syndrome

“…Previous reports have documented that DS usually associated with a high incidence of otitis media and eustachian tube dysfunction that may an underlying cause of middle ear disorders [4]. External pinna defects are also regularly found in this population [5].…”

Down Syndrome and Vascular Disease: DSCR1 and NFAT Signaling

“…The effect of vascular bed type is further exemplified by the fact that while DS patients may be significantly hypotensive, they are also at an increased risk of developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (Cua et al 2007). The observed increase in PAH incidence amongst DS individuals may be due to several factors such as chronic upper airway obstruction (Jacobs, Gray & Todd, 1996) and abnormal pulmonary vasculature growth (Chi, 1975). Vascular tone therefore appears to depend not only on the vascular bed of interest but also on peripheral influences.…”

Oral Health in Down Syndrome

“…They are also more susceptible to recurrent infections, particularly of the upper airway. [16][17][18][19][20] Sleep apnea is diagnosed in more than 50% of the patients and may adversely affect behaviour, growth and neurodevelopment. [16,20] Another common abnormality is the dysfunction of the thyroid gland.…”

“…[1,2,9] The most common craniofacial features observed in children with DS are small nose, low nasal bridge, narrow, short, deep and high palate, bifid uvula, hypertrophy of the tonsils, underdeveloped jaw, cleft lip, incomplete lip closure, hypotonic lips, fissured tongue, inaccurate and slow tongue movement, anterior open bite, posterior crossbite and reductions in the maxillary arch and changes in temporary and permanent tooth eruption (Figure 2., Figure 3., Figure 4., Figure5.). [6,7,9,16,17,20,23,24] ( Figure 2., Figure 3., Figure 4., Figure5.). [6,7,9,16,17,20,23,24] This hypotonicity is associated with ligament laxity, easily visible throughout the body.…”

“…[6,7,9,16,17,20,23,24] ( Figure 2., Figure 3., Figure 4., Figure5.). [6,7,9,16,17,20,23,24] This hypotonicity is associated with ligament laxity, easily visible throughout the body. It induces hyper-flexible joints, which can compromise the periodontal ligaments.…”