UPLC-MS-based metabolomics profiling and chemometric analysis for Hypericum sinaicum Boiss and the endophytic Aspergillus foetidus in comparison to Hypericum perforatum L

Abstract

One of the endangered plant species in Saint Catherine protectorate is Hypericum sinaicum Boiss which is endemic to Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Isolating the endophytic fungus Aspergillus foetidus var. pallidus provided a sustainable alternative to H. sinaicum rarity in terms of the plant's potential. The fungus-host relationship can assist in the investigation of bioactive compounds produced by H. sinaicum paving the way for economic and medicinal implications. Therefore, a comprehensive metabolic approach via MS and chemical analysis was used to track and compare metabolites from H. sinaicum and A. foetidus with Hypericum perforatum. Metabolomics analysis revealed the presence of 25 metabolites distributed among samples and the discovery of new chemotaxonomic compounds, i.e., phloroglucinols and xanthones, allowing the discrimination between species. Moreover, A. foetidus extract is considered a reliable source of furohyperforin and naphthodianthrone derivatives. In conclusion, using A. foetidus as an in vitro technique for producing potential phytoconstituents was cost effective, having easier optimization conditions and faster growth with fewer contamination rates than other in vitro methods.