UPLC-HRMS Analysis Revealed the Differential Accumulation of Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Lignans and Neolignans in In Vitro Cultures of Linum usitatissimum L

Abstract

Over the last few decades, methods relating to plant tissue culture have become prevalent within the cosmetic industry. Forecasts predict the cosmetic industry to grow to an annual turnover of around a few hundred billion US dollars. Here we focused on Linum usitatissimum L., a plant that is well-known for its potent cosmetic properties. Following the a) establishment of cell cultures from three distinct initial explant origins (root, hypocotyl, and cotyledon) and b) selection of optimal hormonal concentrations, two in vitro systems (callus vs cell suspensions) were subjected to different light conditions. Phytochemical analysis by UPLC-HRMS not only confirmed high (neo)lignan accumulation capacity of this species with high concentrations of seven newly described (neo)lignans. Evaluation over 30 days revealed strong variations between the two different in vitro systems cultivated under light or dark, in terms of their growth kinetics and phytochemical composition. Additionally, antioxidant (i.e. four different in vitro assays based on hydrogen-atom transfer or electron transfer mechanism) and anti-aging (i.e. four in vitro inhibition potential of the skin remodeling enzymes: elastase, hyaluronidase, collagenase and tyrosinase) properties were evaluated for the two different in vitro systems cultivated under light or dark. A prominent hydrogenatom transfer antioxidant mechanism was illustrated by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Potent tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities were also observed, which was strongly influenced by the in vitro system and light conditions. Statistical treatments of the data showed relationship of some (neo)lignans with these biological activities. These results confirmed the accumulation of flax (neo)lignans in different in vitro systems that were subjected to distinct light conditions. Furthermore, we showed the importance of optimizing these parameters for specific applications within the cosmetic industry.

Scarlet Flax Linum grandiflorum (L.) In Vitro Cultures as a New Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Lignans

“…The MS medium devoid of any PGR or elicitor could not trigger callus formation in any explant. These results are in agreement with available reports [ 15 , 27 ]. Previous studies supported the considerable influence of PGRs concentrations toward callogenesis frequency in other Linum species [ 37 , 38 ].…”

“…In addition, another lignan (LARI) and neolignan (DCA) were also detected and quantified for the first time in L. grandiflorum . Interestingly, the accumulation of large quantities of these two (neo)lignans has already been observed in several in vitro cultures of L. usitatissimum , another Linaceae from the Linum section, despite the fact that they are accumulated at a much lower level than SECO in naturally grown plants [ 2 , 12 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 38 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. However, the present study is the very first report on HPLC-based quantification of (neo)lignans in both hypocotyl- and cotyledon-derived callus cultures grown under various PGRs concentrations.…”

“…, Fagonia indica , Eclipta alba and Silybum marianum, were reported globally [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Several Linum species have also been previously exploited for their tremendous biosynthetic potential in in vitro platform [ 12 , 13 , 16 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. However, no reports are available on establishment of feasible in vitro cultures and production phytochemicals by L. grandiflorum .…”

“…Similar reports of collection and extraction of essential phytochemicals in several industrially important species, including Panax ginseng, Taxus spp., Fagonia indica, Eclipta alba and Silybum marianum, were reported globally [20][21][22][23][24]. Several Linum species have also been previously exploited for their tremendous biosynthetic potential in in vitro platform [12,13,16,[25][26][27]. However, no reports are available on establishment of feasible in vitro cultures and production phytochemicals by L. grandiflorum.…”

In vitro beneficial effects of a flax extract on papillary fibroblasts define it as an anti-aging candidate

“…Among these compounds, some are known, like lavonoids or tocopherol, which reinforce the extracellular matrix component or stimulate the ibroblasts bioactivity [36] β-carotene inhibits metalloproteinase expression [37]. More recently, a global antioxidant and anti-aging effect has been described for lax [38]. The mechanisms of action of these different compounds are not necessarily well identi ied and their association could modulate their effects, but the result is an interesting overall activity for improving the homeostasis of the skin.…”