Upholstered furniture heat release rates measured with a furniture calorimeter

Babrauskas, Vytenis; Lawson, James R.; Walton, William D.; Twilley, W H.

doi:10.6028/nbs.ir.82-2604

Cited by 79 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…The differences obtained from the use of different types or locations of ignition sources have not been explored. These factors are discussed in reference [22].…”

Section: Limitation Of the Algorithm For Fires And Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

Peacock¹,

Forney²,

Reneke³

2013

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DisclaimerThe U. S. Department of Commerce makes no warranty, expressed or implied, to users of CFAST and associated computer programs, and accepts no responsibility for its use. Users of CFAST assume sole responsibility under Federal law for determining the appropriateness of its use in any particular application; for any conclusions drawn from the results of its use; and for any actions taken or not taken as a result of analyses performed using these tools. CFAST is intended for use only by those competent in the field of fire safety and is intended only to supplement the informed judgment of a qualified user. The software package is a computer model which may or may not have predictive value when applied to a specific set of factual circumstances. Lack of accurate predictions by the model could lead to erroneous conclusions with regard to fire safety. All results should be evaluated by an informed user.iii iv Intent and UseThe algorithms, procedures, and computer programs described in this report constitute a method ology for predicting some of the consequences resulting from a prescribed fire. They have been compiled from the best knowledge and understanding currently available, but have important lim itations that must be understood and considered by the user. The program is intended for use by persons competent in the field of fire safety and with some familiarity with personal computers. It is intended as an aid in the fire safety decision-making process. v vi PrefaceCFAST is a two-zone fire model used to calculate the evolving distribution of smoke, fire gases and temperature throughout compartments of a constructed facility during a fire. In CFAST, each compartment is divided into two gas layers.The modeling equations used in CFAST take the mathematical form of an initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These equations are derived using the conservation of mass, the conservation of energy (equivalently the first law of thermodynamics), the ideal gas law and relations for density and internal energy. These equations predict as functions of time quantities such as pressure, layer height and temperatures given the accumulation of mass and enthalpy in the two layers. The CFAST model then consists of a set of ODEs to compute the environment in each compartment and a collection of algorithms to compute the mass and enthalpy source terms required by the ODEs.In general, this document provides the technical documentation for CFAST along with sig nificant information on validation of the model. It follows the ASTM E1355 guide for model assessment. The guide provides several areas of evaluation:• Model and scenarios definition: CFAST is designed primarily to predict the environment within compartmented structures which results from unwanted fires. These can range from very small containment vessels, on the order of 1 m 3 to large spaces on the order of 1000 m 3 . The appropriate size fire for a given application depends on the size of the compartment being modeled. A range of...

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“…The differences obtained from the use of different types or locations of ignition sources have not been explored. These factors are discussed in reference [22].…”

Section: Limitation Of the Algorithm For Fires And Mass Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

Peacock¹,

Forney²,

Reneke³

2013

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show abstract

“…HRR results and other combustion data were also given for a number of upholstered furniture items. Lawson et al [32] presented more combustion data, obtained using the HRR calorimeter developed by Babrauskas et al [29] for various furnishings, such as: easy chairs, sofas, wardrobe closets, bookcases, and bedding. Additional sources of combustion data are [22, 32 -…”

Section: The Heat Release Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Babrauskas et al [29] provided a detailed description of the design features and principles of operation of the furniture calorimeter. HRR results and other combustion data were also given for a number of upholstered furniture items.…”

Section: The Heat Release Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…HRRs for items of furniture are typically measured in the furniture calorimeter using the oxygen consumption principle under fully-ventilated conditions. The invention of the furniture calorimeter [29] and the ISO 5660 cone calorimeter [30] in the early 1980s led to an increase in the amount of published HRR data for many combustible items, especially upholstered furniture. Upholstered furniture has been studied in fire tests much more than any other household furniture because statistical information shows it to be the major item associated with fatalities in house fires [21,31].…”

Section: The Heat Release Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Overview of Design Fires for Building Compartments

Bwalya

2008

Fire Technol

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/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. For the publisher's version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l'éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-007-0031-7Fire Technology, pp. 167-184, 2008-06-01 An Overview of design fires for building compartments Bwalya, A. C.http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca An overview of design fires for building compartments NRCC-47655Bwalya, A.C.A version of this document is published in / Une version de ce document se trouve dans: Fire Technology, v. 44, no. 2, June 2008, pp. 167-184 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-007-0031-7The material in this document is covered by the provisions of the Copyright Act, by Canadian laws, policies, regulations and international agreements. Such provisions serve to identify the information source and, in specific instances, to prohibit reproduction of materials without written permission. This literature review was carried out to determine the range of methods used to characterize design fires. The methods currently available were found to be largely empirical in nature and unsophisticated. The two main quantities used to describe design fires are the heat release rate (pre-flashover scenario) and temperature-time profiles (post-flashover). The most widely used pre-flashover design fires are t 2 fires, whereas a host of empirical correlations are available for post-flashover design fires.

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“…The bench-scale test method used is the Cone Calorimeter, ASTM E 1354 [6], ISO 5660 [7]. The predictive method was developed by conducting full-scale tests in the furniture calorimeter [8], then verifying with some additional tests in a fire test room [9]. For the present purposes, it is important to note that the current California criteria require that the peak HRR be less than 80 kW.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bench-scale predictions of mattress and upholstered chair fires:

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Upholstered furniture heat release rates measured with a furniture calorimeter

Cited by 79 publications

References 3 publications

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

CFAST – Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6) Technical Reference Guide

An Overview of Design Fires for Building Compartments

Bench-scale predictions of mattress and upholstered chair fires:

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