“…The concept of upgrading is used in competitiveness studies to make better products, make them more efficient, or move to activities that are more skilled, it is linked to innovation to increase benefit (Rabellotti and Pietrobelli 2006). Upgrading defined as adding, modifying, revising, customizing, or improving that made upgrading is the most important postimplementation stage that should allow organizations to gain benefits from Organizations (Casrio, 2011).…”
The research aims to study the effect of knowledge upgrade on business continuity in private colleges and universities in Baghdad. The research problem is summarized in the main question (were the academic leaders able to employ knowledge upgrading to enhance business continuity). The most important of this sector were the universities and the private college in the city of Baghdad as a field for this research, the researchers conducted a field visit to (10) universities or private colleges, the research sample consisted of (177) individuals from the deans of colleges and their assistants, as well as heads of scientific and administrative departments. The data was analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using the appropriate statistical tools using the statistical program (SPSS) and (AMOS) for data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant effect knowledge upgrading on business continuity.
“…The concept of upgrading is used in competitiveness studies to make better products, make them more efficient, or move to activities that are more skilled, it is linked to innovation to increase benefit (Rabellotti and Pietrobelli 2006). Upgrading defined as adding, modifying, revising, customizing, or improving that made upgrading is the most important postimplementation stage that should allow organizations to gain benefits from Organizations (Casrio, 2011).…”
The research aims to study the effect of knowledge upgrade on business continuity in private colleges and universities in Baghdad. The research problem is summarized in the main question (were the academic leaders able to employ knowledge upgrading to enhance business continuity). The most important of this sector were the universities and the private college in the city of Baghdad as a field for this research, the researchers conducted a field visit to (10) universities or private colleges, the research sample consisted of (177) individuals from the deans of colleges and their assistants, as well as heads of scientific and administrative departments. The data was analyzed and the hypotheses were tested using the appropriate statistical tools using the statistical program (SPSS) and (AMOS) for data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant effect knowledge upgrading on business continuity.
“…In Southern Chile, a very successful salmon cluster has been developed since the early 1990s and the process of standards setting and compliance offers remarkable insights (Katz, 2006;Maggi, 2007). Compliance with international standards has allowed the Chilean salmon industry to progress from passive to active learning, with more involvement of local firms as value chain leaders and suppliers in foreign-led chains (Iizuka, 2009).…”
Section: Codification Of Transactions and Innovation Systemsmentioning
This paper addresses two research questions: How do learning mechanisms operate in different types of global value chains? What is the supporting role of the innovation system in GVC-driven learning and innovation processes? Empirical evidence is used from the authors' research as well as secondary sources. Given the highly differentiated reality behind the sketchy and simplistic term "developing countries," the paper focuses on a particular group of middle-income developing countries: Brazil, Taiwan and Mexico.
“…(1) a vertical cluster, featuring farmers as well as FVC (food value chain) actors upstream and downstream from farms (Pietrobelli & Rabellotti, 2006) and (2) spontaneous, to emphasize that the firms and farms cluster independently and are self-coordinated or uncoordinated, not managed by a large company or by government or NGOs. These spontaneous clusters arise where there are propitious demand conditions (e.g., accessible growing urban markets for FV and AP) and supply conditions (e.g., wholesale markets and roads combined with availability of water and other needed resources).…”
There is an international consensus that Africans consume less fruits and vegetables (FV), and animal products (AP) than they need for adequate nutrition, and that production and supply chains of these products are constrained. Yet, in this paper, we show that despite these problems, there is a lot of dynamism in demand and supply of these nutrient‐dense products in Africa: (1) macro evidence of “domestic supply booms"—with supply growing as fast as or faster than in Asia and Latin America; (2) only 2–4% of FV, and 10% of AP consumption in Africa is imported, and only about 1–2% of the output of FV and AP is exported: the supply booms have thus been overwhelming domestically sourced, not imported; (3) micro evidence of substantial shares of consumption of FV and AP in total food consumption, similar to Asia's; (4) evidence of rapid development of spontaneous clusters of farms and off‐farm SMEs (output wholesalers, logistics, processors, and agro‐dealers supporting farmers). These clusters are important in fueling the supply booms. Illustrative cases from Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia are presented. We recommend that African governments and international partners: (1) internalize the fact that these spontaneous clusters are forming and already fueling supply booms; (2) note that important drivers of the booms have been government investments in wholesale markets, roads, and other infrastructure like electrification, and agricultural research/extension; (3) leverage and support existing spontaneous clusters and help new ones to form by greatly increasing those three types of public investments.
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