This chapter examines: (1) how humans keep track of their location in the world and the location of other entities, through both ego‐centered and environment‐centered systems; (2) how humans manipulate spatial information; (3) how humans represent and communicate about spatial information; and (4) how spatial thought can be used for nonspatial purposes. In each section, there is information on the behavior of human adults, as well as material on the behavior of other species, the development of mature competence, individual differences in mature competence, and the neurological underpinnings of competence.