Updates to the Noah Land Surface Model in WRF‐CMAQ to Improve Simulated Meteorology, Air Quality, and Deposition

Campbell, Patrick; Bash, Jesse O.; Spero, Tanya L.

doi:10.1029/2018ms001422

Cited by 44 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…Numerical simulations of tropospheric ozone, including high ozone pollution episodes and background ozone levels, are sensitive to model descriptions of ozone dry deposition (Anav et al, 2018;Beddows et al, 2017;Bela et al, 2015;Campbell et al, 2019;Clifton, 2018;Emberson et al, 2013;Falk & Søvde Haslerud, 2019;Hogrefe et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2016;J.-T. Lin et al, 2008;M. Lin et al, 2017M.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling

Clifton

Fiore

Massman

et al. 2020

Reviews of Geophysics

107

133

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Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near‐surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short‐lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely used models. If coordinated with short‐term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long‐term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling

Clifton

Fiore

Massman

et al. 2020

Reviews of Geophysics

107

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A modified WRFv3.8.1-CMAQv5.2 system (hereafter referred to as WRF-CMAQ) is used, which has an improved linkage between the WRF/Noah land surface model and DD processes modeled by CMAQ (Campbell et al, 2019). The physical/chemical model configuration is the same here as in Campbell et al (2019), where the CMAQ configuration includes the Carbon Bond 2005 gas phase mechanism with updates for toluene and chlorine chemistry (CB05TUCL; Sarwar et al, 2011) and the AERO6 aerosol module with semivolatile primary and secondary organic carbon (Appel et al, 2013;Nolte et al, 2015;Simon & Bhave, 2012).…”

Section: Model Configuration and Inputs 221 Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projections of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

et al. 2019

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Atmospheric deposition is among the largest pathways of nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW). The interplay between future climate and emission changes in and around the CBW will likely shift the future nutrient deposition abundance and chemical regime (e.g., oxidized vs. reduced nitrogen). In this work, a Representative Concentration Pathway from the Community Earth System Model is dynamically downscaled using a recently updated Weather Research and Forecasting model that subsequently drives the Community Multiscale Air Quality model coupled to the agroeconomic Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model. The relative impacts of emission and climate changes on atmospheric nutrient deposition are explored for a recent historical period and a period centered on 2050. The projected regional emissions in Community Multiscale Air Quality reflect current federal and state regulations, which use baseline and projected emission years 2011 and 2040, respectively. The historical simulations of 2-m temperature (T2) and precipitation (PRECIP) have cool and dry biases, and temperature and PRECIP are projected to both increase. Ammonium wet deposition agrees well with observations, but nitrate wet deposition is underpredicted. Climate and deposition changes increase simulated future ammonium fertilizer application. In the CBW by 2050, these changes (along with widespread decreases in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide emissions, and relatively constant ammonia emissions) decrease total nitrogen deposition by 21%, decrease annual average oxidized nitrogen deposition by 44%, and increase reduced nitrogen deposition by 10%. These results emphasize the importance of decreased anthropogenic emissions on the control of future nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay in a changing climate.Plain Language Summary In this study a global climate scenario is used to drive a regional-scale weather and air quality model to investigate the potential impacts of future climate and emission changes on atmospheric nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW). While different scenarios are possible, here we delve into a specific climate projection that represents a future pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by the year 2050 and use projected emissions (from human activity) that are based on historical and proposed regulations and controls from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The combined climate and emission changes lead to decreases in the atmospheric nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed by the year 2050, while the effects of climate alone lead to a small increase in atmospheric nitrogen loading. The results demonstrate the importance of emission reductions on nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay, in the face of climate change.

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“…The soil moisture effect factor ( f w ) was a key point multiplied to the threshold friction velocity for dry soil to take into account the reduced soil erodibility due to soil moisture [41,58]. Most wind-blown dust models use the formula suggested by Fecan et al (1999), expressed by…”

Section: Soil Moisture Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modify the soil layer-related pretreatment part of the WRF code to construct a 1 cm top soil layer in Noah's scheme [58].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stepwise Assessment of Different Saltation Theories in Comparison with Field Observation Data

Haeju

Park

2019

Atmosphere

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Wind-blown dust models use input data, including soil conditions and meteorology, to interpret the multi-step wind erosion process and predict the quantity of dust emission. Therefore, the accuracy of the wind-blown dust models is dependent on the accuracy of each input condition and the robustness of the model schemes for each elemental step of wind erosion. A thorough evaluation of a wind-blown model thus requires validation of the input conditions and the elemental model schemes. However, most model evaluations and intercomparisons have focused on the final output of the models, i.e., the vertical dust emission. Recently, a delicate set of measurement data for saltation flux and friction velocity was reported from the Japan-Australia Dust Experiment (JADE) Project, which enabled the step-by-step evaluation of wind-blown dust models up to the saltation step. When all the input parameters were provided from the observations, both the two widely used saltation schemes showed very good agreement with measurements, with the correlation coefficient and the agreement of index both being larger than 0.9, which demonstrated the strong robustness of the physical schemes for saltation. However, using the meteorology model to estimate the input conditions such as weather and soil conditions, considerably degraded the models' performance. The critical reason for the model failure was determined to be the inaccuracy in the estimation of the threshold friction velocity (representing soil condition), followed by inaccurate estimation of surface wind speed. It was not possible to determine which of the two saltation schemes was superior, based on the present study results. Such differentiation will require further evaluation studies using more measurements of saltation flux and vertical dust emissions.Atmosphere 2020, 11, 10 2 of 18 erosion [9], based on the soil characteristics, including land-use type and soil texture [10]. In this step, the drag partitioning effect due to nonerodible elements [11][12][13] and the soil moisture effect [14] are also calculated. By combining this information, the threshold friction velocity, which quantifies the minimum wind speed to trigger the wind erosion, is determined as the final output of the first step [15]. When the actual friction velocity exceeds the threshold friction velocity, saltation (horizontal leapfrogging movement of soil grains) takes place [16,17]. When the leaping soil grains return to the ground, they release fine dust particles attached to them or are broken into pieces, resulting in the vertical emission of dust particles, which is called sandblasting [18,19]. These steps have been interpreted in various different ways in several modeling studies [20].Several studies on wind-blown dust in East Asia have been reported. Kang et al.[21] compared the performances of three vertical dust flux schemes suggested by Marticorena and Bergametti [17] and Lu and Shao [22] for an intense dust storm episode that broke out in the Gobi desert in winter. Reportedly, all three schemes ...

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Updates to the Noah Land Surface Model in WRF‐CMAQ to Improve Simulated Meteorology, Air Quality, and Deposition

Cited by 44 publications

References 102 publications

Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling

Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling

Projections of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Stepwise Assessment of Different Saltation Theories in Comparison with Field Observation Data

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