Updates on the Role of Periodontitis-Related Epigenetics, Inflammation, Oral Microbiome, and Treatment in Cardiovascular Risk

Abstract

Substantial evidence has recently been gathered to substantiate the epidemiological correlation between this oral inflammatory ailment and several systemic health disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It is worth noting that certain shared factors exist among individuals with periodontal disease (PD) and CVDs, like obesity or overweight, minimal physical activities, smoking habits, male gender, low socioeconomic position, advanced age, and limited educational attainment. Moreover, recent research suggests a distinct and separate relationship between PD and CVDs. This literature review discusses the association between CVDs and PD and their underlying mechanisms and connections. Current literature strongly confirms a correlation between cardiovascular risk and PD. The underlying mechanisms involve inflammation, epigenetics, epithelial dysfunction, oral microbiome dysbiosis, and the efficacy of periodontitis treatment. Future investigations are required to comprehend these complex interactions and develop targeted interventions for oral health improvement and reduction in cardiovascular risk.

Higher Prevalence of the Periodontal Pathogen Selenomonas noxia among Pediatric and Adult Patients May Be Associated with Overweight and Obesity

“…Recent evidence now suggests that oral and gut microflora may have significant impacts on the predisposition, development, and stability of obesity in adults over time [ 7 , 8 ]. Most of the focus of these investigations has been on the two-way relationships between the oral microbiome and periodontal disease with inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and obesity [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Although the pathogens involved in periodontal disease are mainly found in older adults, evidence has emerged that demonstrates some of these pathogens may also be found in children—and may be associated with the development and progression of childhood obesity [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”