Updated weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products

Tardiff, Robert G.; Carson, M. Leigh; Ginevan, Michael E.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.03.001

Cited by 115 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that there is sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of chloroform [9] and other widespread disinfection by-products. Experimental evidence provided by animal studies has shown fetotoxic effects, retarded fetal development, spermatotoxicity, delayed sexual maturation, changes in reproductive organs/placenta, and skeletal effects [10]. Other outcomes associated with DBP exposure in animal experiments, although less studied, are related to neurotoxicity [11][12][13].…”

Section: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

223

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The presence of chemical compounds formed as disinfection by-products (DBPs) is widespread in developed countries, and virtually whole populations are exposed to these chemicals through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption from drinking water and swimming pools. Epidemiological evidence has shown a consistent association between long-term exposure to trihalomethanes and the risk of bladder cancer, although the causal nature of the association is not conclusive. Evidence concerning other cancer sites is insufficient or mixed. Numerous studies have evaluated reproductive implications, including sperm quality, time to pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy outcomes such as fetal loss, fetal growth, preterm delivery, and congenital malformation. The body of evidence suggests only minor effects from high exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth indices such as small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Populations highly exposed to swimming pools such as pool workers and professional swimmers show a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma, respectively, although the direction of the association, and thus causality, is not clear among professional swimmers. The risk of asthma, wheezing, eczema, and other respiratory outcomes among children attending swimming pools has been the object of extensive research. Early studies suggested a positive association, while subsequent larger studies found no correlations or showed a protective association. Future research should develop methods to evaluate the effects of the DBP mixture and the interaction with personal characteristics (e.g., genetics, lifestyle), clarify the association between swimming pools and respiratory health, evaluate the occurrence of DBPs in lowand middle-income countries, and evaluate outcomes suggested by animal studies that have not been considered in epidemiological investigations.

show abstract

Section: Experimental Evidence and Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

223

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among others, congenital anomalies, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, birth weight, prematurity and semen quality have been the focus of investigation. Various thorough reviews have been conducted and have concluded that the relationship between DBP exposure and reproductive health outcomes remains unclear, mainly owing to limitations in the exposure assessment in most studies (Reif et al 1996;IPCS 2000;Nieuwenhuijsen et al 2000b;Gevecker Graves et al 2001;Bove et al 2002;Tardiff et al 2006).…”

Section: (B) Reproductive Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water

Nieuwenhuijsen

Grellier

Smith

et al. 2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper summarizes the epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and describes the potential mechanism of action.There appears to be good epidemiological evidence for a relationship between exposure to DBPs, as measured by trihalomethanes (THMs), in drinking water and bladder cancer, but the evidence for other cancers including colorectal cancer is inconclusive and inconsistent. There appears to be some evidence for an association between exposure to DBPs, specifically THMs, and little for gestational age/intrauterine growth retardation and, to a lesser extent, pre-term delivery, but evidence for relationships with other outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and semen quality is inconclusive and inconsistent. Major limitations in exposure assessment, small sample sizes and potential biases may account for the inconclusive and inconsistent results in epidemiological studies. Moreover, most studies have focused on total THMs as the exposure metric, whereas other DBPs appear to be more toxic than the THMs, albeit generally occurring at lower levels in the water.The mechanisms through which DBPs may cause adverse health effects including cancer and adverse reproductive effects have not been well investigated. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of folate metabolism, disruption of the synthesis and/or secretion of placental syncytiotrophoblast-derived chorionic gonadotropin and lowering of testosterone levels, but further work is required in this area.

show abstract

“…Several epidemiological studies suggest a link between consumption of chlorinated drinking water and reproductive and developmental outcomes, such as increased spontaneous abortions and intrauterine growth retardation [10][11][12][13][14], and bladder and gastrointestinal tract cancers [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. At present, which by-products in chlorinated drinking water could be responsible for increasing cancer risk in human beings is not well established, because the potential synergistic interactions of chlorinated by-products and their role in the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis are still poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons

Canistro

Melega

Ranieri

et al. 2012

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epidemiological studies have shown an association between consumption of disinfected drinking water and adverse health outcomes. The chemicals used to disinfect water react with occurring organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants in the source water, resulting in the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The observations that some DBPs are carcinogenic in animal models have raised public concern over the possible adverse health effects for humans. Here, the modulation of liver cytochrome P450-linked monooxygenases (MFO) and the genotoxic effects in erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio fish exposed in situ to surface drinking water in the presence of disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) and peracetic acid (PAA), were investigated in winter and summer. A complex induction/suppression pattern of CYP-associated MFOs in winter was observed for all disinfectants. For example, a 3.4-to 15-fold increase was recorded of the CYP2B1/2-linked dealkylation of penthoxyresorufin with NaClO (10 days) and PAA (20 days). In contrast, ClO 2 generated the most notable inactivation, the CYP2E1-supported hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol being decreased up to 71% after 10 days' treatment. In summer, the degree of modulation was modest, with the exception of CYP3A1/2 and CYP1A1 supported MFOs (62% loss after 20 days PAA).The micronucleus (MN) induction in fish circulating erythrocytes was also analysed as an endpoint of genotoxic potential in the same fish population. Significant increases of MN induction were detected at the latest sampling time on fish exposed to surface water treated with chlorinate-disinfectants, both in winter (NaClO) and summer (NaClO and ClO 2 ), while no effect was observed in fish exposed to PAA-treated water.These results show that water disinfection may be responsible for harmful outcomes in terms of MFO perturbation and DNA damage; if extrapolated to humans, they ultimately offer a possible rationale for the increased urinary cancer risk recorded in regular drinking water consumers.

show abstract

Updated weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products

Cited by 115 publications

References 40 publications

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water

Modulation of cytochrome P450 and induction of DNA damage in Cyprinus carpio exposed in situ to surface water treated with chlorine or alternative disinfectants in different seasons

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About