Updated Neutron‐Monitor Yield Function: Bridging Between In Situ and Ground‐Based Cosmic Ray Measurements

Mishev, Alexander; Koldobskiy, S.; Kovaltsov, Gennady A.; Gil, Agnieszka; Usoskin, Ilya

doi:10.1029/2019ja027433

Cited by 63 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Here, we modeled the NM response using a new NM yield function computed for several altitudes by Mishev et al [2013Mishev et al [ , 2020, which is fully consistent with the experimental latitude and altitude surveys and was recently validated by achieving good agreement between model results and space-borne with AMS 02 and ground-based NM measurements [for details see Gil et al, 2015;Lara et al, 2016;Usoskin et al, 2017;Nuntiyakul et al, 2018;Koldobskiy et al, 2019b;Mishev et al, 2020]. Therefore, the response of each NM was modeled with a yield function corresponding to the exact station's altitude a.s.l., which allowed us to reduce model uncertainties related to the application of the double-attenuation-lengths method, i.e.…”

Section: Analysis Of # Gle 71 Using Nm Recordsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012

et al. 2021

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Intense solar activity was observed in May 2012. A notable ground level enhancement (GLE) was registered on 17 May 2012 by several space‐borne instruments as well as on ground by neutron monitors (NMs). This event is known as GLE # 71. Here, we derived the spectral and angular characteristics, and apparent source position of the solar protons during the GLE # 71, employing verified newly computed NM yield function and sophisticated unfolding procedure. We considerably improved the previously derived information about the spectra and angular distribution, namely, the precision, time span, and time resolution of the derived characteristics, specifically during the event onset and late phase. A comparison with direct measurements, with the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment, of the particle fluence was performed, and good agreement between NM and direct space‐borne data analysis was achieved. Subsequently, we computed the effective dose rates in the polar region at several altitudes during the event using the derived rigidity spectra of the solar protons as a reliable input for the corresponding radiation model. The contribution of the galactic cosmic rays and solar protons to the exposure is explicitly considered. We computed the integrated exposure during the event and discussed the exposure of crew members/passengers to radiation at several altitudes.

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Section: Analysis Of # Gle 71 Using Nm Recordsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012

et al. 2021

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“…-The method was applied to the revised GLE intensities X i, j as described above. -We used the recent NM yield function (Mishev et al 2013(Mishev et al , 2020, validated by direct comparison with the AMS-02 and 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 4 5 5 0 Fig. 4.…”

Section: Gle Integral Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised GLE database: Fluences of solar energetic particles as measured by the neutron-monitor network since 1956

Usoskin

Koldobskiy

Kovaltsov

et al. 2020

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Aims. Continuous measurements of ground-based neutron monitors (NMs) form the main data source for studying high-energy high-intensity solar energetic particle (SEP) events that are called ground-level enhancements (GLEs). All available data are collected in the International GLE Database (IGLED), which provides formal NM count-rate increases above the constant pre-increase level which is due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR). This data set is used to reconstruct the energy spectra of GLE events. However, the assumption of a constant GCR background level throughout GLE events is often invalid. Here we thoroughly revise the IGLED and provide a data set of detrended NM count-rate increases that accounts for the variable GCR background. Methods. The formal GLE count-rate increases were corrected for the variable GCR background, which may vary significantly during GLE events. The corresponding integral omnidirectional fluences of SEPs were reconstructed for all GLEs with sufficient strength from the detrended data using the effective rigidity method. Results. The database of the detrended NM count rate is revised for GLE events since 1956. Integral omnidirectional fluences were estimated for 58 GLE events and parametrised for 52 sufficiently strong events using the modified Ellison-Ramaty spectral shape. Conclusions. The IGLED was revised to account for the variable GCR background. Integral omnidirectional fluences reconstructed for most of GLE events were added to IGLED. This forms the basis for more precise studies of parameters of SEP events and thus for solar and space physics.

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“…The latter therefore depends on various parameters that are unique to each monitor (see e.g., Clem & Dorman, 2000;Caballero-Lopez, 2016). In order to reconstruct the primary cosmic ray flux, j i (P, t), the yield function must be known for a number of stations characterized by different P c values (e.g., Mishev et al, 2020). Once the atmospheric yield functions are known, continuous spectral information about cosmic ray modulation (primary spectra above the atmosphere and magnetosphere) can be obtained from neutron monitor differential response functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mini-neutron monitor: a new approach in neutron monitor design

Strauss

Poluianov

Merwe

et al. 2020

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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The near-Earth cosmic ray flux has been monitored for more than 70 years by a network of ground-based neutron monitors (NMs). With the ever-increasing importance of quantifying the radiation risk and effects of cosmic rays for, e.g., air and space-travel, it is essential to continue operating the existing NM stations, while expanding this crucial network. In this paper, we discuss a smaller and cost-effective version of the traditional NM, the mini-NM. These monitors can be deployed with ease, even to extremely remote locations, where they operate in a semi-autonomous fashion. We believe that the mini-NM, therefore, offers the opportunity to increase the sensitivity and expand the coverage of the existing NM network, making this network more suitable to near-real-time monitoring for space weather applications. In this paper, we present the technical details of the mini-NM's design and operation, and present a summary of the initial tests and science results.

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Updated Neutron‐Monitor Yield Function: Bridging Between In Situ and Ground‐Based Cosmic Ray Measurements

Cited by 63 publications

References 36 publications

Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012

Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012

Revised GLE database: Fluences of solar energetic particles as measured by the neutron-monitor network since 1956

The mini-neutron monitor: a new approach in neutron monitor design

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