Update on Therapy of Influenza and Rhinovirus Infections

Arruda, Eurico; Hayden, Frederick G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9209-6_18

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Rhinoviruses have traditionally been cultured in human diploid fibroblast cell lines, such as WI38 cells grown at 33°C, and more than one cell line was often required for optimal sensitivity 192 . The presence of 150 rhinovirus serotypes and the lack of a common group antigen precluded the development of broadly reacting antibodies, leaving culture as the only diagnostic approach prior to the development of molecular tests.…”

Section: Rhinovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections

Mahony¹,

Petrich²,

Śmieja³

2011

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

192

181

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The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses, including the SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, in the human population in the past nine years has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid based amplification tests (NATs) for respiratory viruses were first introduced two decades ago and today are utilized for the detection of both conventional and emerging viruses. These tests are more sensitive than other diagnostic approaches, including virus isolation in cell culture, shell vial culture (SVC), antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, and rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and now form the backbone of clinical virology laboratory testing around the world. NATs not only provide fast, accurate and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens but also have increased our understanding of the epidemiology of both new emerging viruses such as the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of 2009, and conventional viruses such as the common cold viruses, including rhinovirus and coronavirus. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays introduced in the last five years detect up to 19 different viruses in a single test. Several multiplex PCR tests are now commercially available and tests are working their way into clinical laboratories. The final chapter in the evolution of respiratory virus diagnostics has been the addition of allelic discrimination and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with antiviral resistance. These assays are now being multiplexed with primary detection and subtyping assays, especially in the case of influenza virus. These resistance assays, together with viral load assays, will enable clinical laboratories to provide physicians with new and important information for optimal treatment of respiratory virus infections.

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Section: Rhinovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections

Mahony¹,

Petrich²,

Śmieja³

2011

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

192

181

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This event hampers the separation of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) from M1 protein and subsequently on the onset of viral genome transcription (Hay, 1996). Both drugs were active against influenza A viruses and blocked their replication in both cell lines and animal models, however, viral resistance soon developed against them and they produced marked side effects (Arruda and Hayden, 1996;Shigeta, 1997). Studies further showed that the therapeutic efficacy of amantadine and rimantadine was observed to be insignificant in infected individuals as well as prophylaxis of healthy volunteers of a professional staff group (Belshe et al, 1989;Hayden et al, 1989).…”

Section: Viral Chemotherapies: Balancing Efficacy and Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral options and therapeutics against influenza: history, latest developments and future prospects

Meseko,

Sanicas,

Asha

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Drugs and chemotherapeutics have helped to manage devastating impacts of infectious diseases since the concept of ‘magic bullet’. The World Health Organization estimates about 650,000 deaths due to respiratory diseases linked to seasonal influenza each year. Pandemic influenza, on the other hand, is the most feared health disaster and probably would have greater and immediate impact on humanity than climate change. While countermeasures, biosecurity and vaccination remain the most effective preventive strategies against this highly infectious and communicable disease, antivirals are nonetheless essential to mitigate clinical manifestations following infection and to reduce devastating complications and mortality. Continuous emergence of the novel strains of rapidly evolving influenza viruses, some of which are intractable, require new approaches towards influenza chemotherapeutics including optimization of existing anti-infectives and search for novel therapies. Effective management of influenza infections depend on the safety and efficacy of selected anti-infective in-vitro studies and their clinical applications. The outcomes of therapies are also dependent on understanding diversity in patient groups, co-morbidities, co-infections and combination therapies. In this extensive review, we have discussed the challenges of influenza epidemics and pandemics and discoursed the options for anti-viral chemotherapies for effective management of influenza virus infections.

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“…However, the efficacy of such antiviral drugs is limited by the rapid emergence and transmission of drug-resistance variants [75]. Influenza virus resistance to amantadine-rimantadine emerges in approximately one third of treated patients [76] and is sometimes present naturally, including in recent human isolates of H5N1 virus [74].…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

H5N1 avian influenza virus: an overview

2007

Self Cite

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Avian influenza virus (H5N1) emerged in Hong Kong in 1997, causing severe human disease. In recent years, several outbreaks have been reported in different parts of Asia, Europe and Africa, raising concerns of dissemination of a new and highly lethal influenza pandemic. Although H5N1 has not been capable of sustaining human-tohuman transmission, the ability of the virus to undergo variation due to mutations and reassortment, clearly poses the possibility of viral adaptation to the human species. For this reason the World Health Organization has established that we are now in a phase of pandemic alert. Preparing for an influenza pandemic involves a great deal of awareness necessary to stop initial outbreaks, through the use of case recognition, sensitive and rapid diagnostic methods, appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures to reduce spread. Influenza pandemic preparedness involves coordinated pharmacologic and vaccinal strategies, as well as containment measures such as travel restrictions and quarantine approaches.

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Update on Therapy of Influenza and Rhinovirus Infections

Cited by 9 publications

References 80 publications

Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections

Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections

Antiviral options and therapeutics against influenza: history, latest developments and future prospects

H5N1 avian influenza virus: an overview

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