Update on the Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Monitoring of Normal-Tension Glaucoma

Kim, Ko Eun; Park, Ki Ho

doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000177

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the axons of the optic nerve, is the second leading cause of permanent blindness 50. This disorder is divided into two main categories, open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma, based on the iris-cornea angle.…”

Section: Autophagy and Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evolving Functions of Autophagy in Ocular Health: A Double-edged Sword

Chai

Zhang

et al. 2016

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Autophagy plays an adaptive role in cell survival, development, differentiation and intracellular homeostasis. Autophagy is recognized as a 'self-cannibalizing' process that is active during stresses such as starvation, chemotherapy, infection, ageing, and oxygen shortage to protect organisms from various irritants and to regenerate materials and energy. However, autophagy can also lead to a form of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis.Components of the autophagic pathway are constitutively expressed at a high level in the eye, including in the cornea, lens, retina, and orbit. In addition, the activation of autophagy is directly linked to the development of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), cataracts, diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, photoreceptor degeneration, ocular tumours, ocular infections and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). A high level of autophagy defends against external stress; however, excessive autophagy can result in deterioration, as observed in ocular diseases such as ARMD and DR.This review summarizes recent developments elucidating the relationship between autophagy and ocular diseases and the potential roles of autophagy in the pathogenesis and treatment of these diseases.

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Section: Autophagy and Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glaucoma used to be regarded as an optic neuropathy caused by increased intraocular pressure (IOP); however, the elevated IOP results from the occlusion of the trabecular meshwork (TM) that inhibits the outflow of aqueous humour. The decreased aqueous-humour outflow leads to optic nerve and RGC damage 50,52.…”

Section: Autophagy and Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolving Functions of Autophagy in Ocular Health: A Double-edged Sword

Chai

Zhang

et al. 2016

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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“…NTG, in contrast, is a common form of OAG characterized by the presence of glaucomatous optic nerve damage despite a measured IOP not exceeding 21 mmHg (considered the upper limit of statistically normal IOP). Prevalence studies estimate that approximately one-third of patients with OAG have IOP levels \ 21 mmHg [5][6][7] in the US, with significantly higher prevalence in Asia [8]. NTG represents a particularly challenging subset of glaucoma to manage, as achieving IOP reduction targets is confounded in patients whose pretreatment IOP levels are not above clinically notable thresholds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-Angle Glaucoma: Burden of Illness, Current Therapies, and the Management of Nocturnal IOP Variation

et al. 2019

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Glaucoma is a chronic, debilitating disease and a leading cause of global blindness. Despite treatment efforts, 10% of patients demonstrate loss of vision. In the US, [ 80% of glaucoma cases are classified as open-angle glaucoma (OAG), with primary open-angle (POAG) being the most common. Although there has been tremendous innovation in the surgical treatment of glaucoma as of late, two clinical variants of OAG, normaltension glaucoma (NTG) and severe POAG, are especially challenging for providers because patients with access to care and excellent treatment options may progress despite achieving a ''target'' intraocular pressure value. Additionally, recent research has highlighted the importance of nocturnal IOP control in avoiding glaucomatous disease progression. There remains an unmet need for new treatment options that can effectively treat NTG and severe POAG patients, irrespective of baseline IOP, while overcoming adherence limitations of current pharmacotherapies, demonstrating a robust safety profile, and more effectively controlling nocturnal IOP.

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“…Open-angle glaucoma (OAG), which is the most common type of glaucoma, is divided into primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (IOP > 21 mm Hg) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) (untreated IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg) based on IOP. The proportion of NTG among OAG varies depending on different population studies: Asian (52%–92%), South African (57.1%), American (31.7%), Netherlandish (38.9%), and Italian (30%) [2]. In OAG patients, irreversible loss of peripheral vision frequently is associated with a pathologic elevation of IOP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels in Normal Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

Zhang

Cao

et al. 2016

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the association between the plasma endothelin-1 level and the risks of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods. Relevant publications were collected from three databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science through December 31, 2015. In this study, the terms “(endothelin OR ET) AND glaucoma” were searched. Review Manager 5.2 was used to process the data. Results. Seven studies (212 cases, 164 controls) were included for the NTG analysis. The mean plasma endothelin-1 level in the NTG subjects was 0.60 pg/mL (p = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.17–1.04) higher than that of the healthy controls. Six studies (160 cases, 174 controls) were included for the POAG analysis, and the endothelin-1 level was 0.63 pg/mL (p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.12–1.15) higher in the POAG subjects than in the healthy controls. Additionally, two studies influenced the meta-analysis results regarding the association of plasma endothelin-1 with POAG by sensitivity analysis, and the probability of publication bias was low. Conclusions. The observation that NTG and POAG subjects showed significantly elevated endothelin-1 plasma concentrations suggests that a higher plasma level of endothelin-1 might increase the risk of NTG and POAG development.

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Update on the Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Monitoring of Normal-Tension Glaucoma

Cited by 59 publications

References 128 publications

The Evolving Functions of Autophagy in Ocular Health: A Double-edged Sword

The Evolving Functions of Autophagy in Ocular Health: A Double-edged Sword

Open-Angle Glaucoma: Burden of Illness, Current Therapies, and the Management of Nocturnal IOP Variation

Elevated Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels in Normal Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis

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