Update on the Mechanisms of Pulmonary Inflammation and Oxidative Imbalance Induced by Exercise

Abstract

The mechanisms involved in the generation of oxidative damage and lung inflammation induced by physical exercise are described. Changes in lung function induced by exercise involve cooling of the airways, fluid evaporation of the epithelial surface, increased contact with polluting substances, and activation of the local and systemic inflammatory response. The present work includes evidence obtained from the different types of exercise in terms of duration and intensity, the effect of both acute performance and chronic performance, and the influence of special conditions such as cold weather, high altitude, and polluted environments. Levels of prooxidants, antioxidants, oxidative damage to biomolecules, and cellularity, as well as levels of soluble mediators of the inflammatory response and its effects on tissues, are described in samples of lung origin. These samples include tissue homogenates, induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, biopsies, and exhaled breath condensate obtained in experimental protocols conducted on animal and human models. Finally, the need to simultaneously explore the oxidative/inflammatory parameters to establish the interrelation between them is highlighted.

Pulmonary and Respiratory Muscle Function in Response to Marathon and Ultra-Marathon Running: A Review

“…Despite this apparent respiratory reserve, there are several mechanisms by which long-distance running might compromise pulmonary and/or respiratory-muscle function in healthy subjects. First, exercise is associated with airway cooling and/or dehydration and increased contact of the airway with polluting substances; consequently, potential activation of local and systemic inflammatory responses may result in airway obstruction, and negatively influence lung function (for review, see [ 9 ]). Second, marathon running has been associated with a mild, transient, post-race pulmonary oedema [ 10 ].…”

NADAR 2,5-KM INDOOR DISMINUYE EL NITRITO Y pH EN AIRE ESPIRADO CONDENSADO

“…En el ejercicio, los protocolos de corta duración no han reportado cambios en la H2O2CAE (Nowak et al, 2001, Marek et al, 2008. Cuando el ejercicio se realiza por un tiempo superior a dos horas en carreras pedestres al aire libre (Araneda et al, 2012) o sobre noventa minutos en cicloergómetro en condiciones de laboratorio (Araneda et al, 2016) hemos encontrado habitualmente incrementos tanto de la H2O2CAE como de la NO2 -CAE a los 20 y 80 minutos posteriores al cese del ejercicio. Como ya fue mencionado, estos hallazgos son contrarios a los presentados en este trabajo, donde el modelo obtenido evidenció una baja de la NO2 -CAE durante las ocho horas posteriores al ejercicio.…”

Impairment on Cardiopulmonary Function after Marathon: Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide

“…Airway inflammation in athletes has been poorly described and with controversial results in studies focusing this subject [18, 19]. Bonsignore et al found increases in lymphocytes and eosinophils and a decrease in macrophages in induced sputum after a 5 km race at the beach [20].…”

“…The lungs have crucial role in gas exchange, experiencing great modifications of their activity during exercise, in addition to their important role in cardiopulmonary function [19]. Miles et al [29] have reported a reduction in pulmonary diffusing capacity after prolonged exercise, which persisted for a certain period of time.…”