Update on Myopia Risk Factors and Microenvironmental Changes

Abstract

The focus of this update is to emphasize the recent advances in the pathogenesis and various molecular key approaches associated with myopia in order to reveal new potential therapeutic targets. We review the current evidence for its complex genetics and evaluate the known or candidate genes and loci. In addition, we discuss recent investigations regarding the role of environmental factors. This paper also covers current research aimed at elucidating the signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of myopia.

Slowing the Progression of Myopia in Children with the MiSight Contact Lens: A Narrative Review of the Evidence

“…Myopia can also be classified by age as childhood or ''school'' myopia and late onset (after 15 years of age); younger age at myopia onset is the main factor that contributes to faster childhood myopia progression, this factor being independent of sex, ethnicity, time spent reading and parental myopia [11]. Once myopia has started, it keeps progressing to the late teens and early adulthood [2], although it seems that progression is greatest between ages 8 and 15 years because of continued growth of the eyeball during childhood [10]. The increase in the prevalence of high myopia is due to the increasingly early onset of myopia and its rapid progression.…”

“…But the rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia in the last few decades cannot be explained by genetics alone. It is known that its development is the result of the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors [ 9 ] such as excessive close-up work, shortage of sunlight early in life, and higher level of education [ 10 ]. Myopia can also be classified by age as childhood or “school” myopia and late onset (after 15 years of age); younger age at myopia onset is the main factor that contributes to faster childhood myopia progression, this factor being independent of sex, ethnicity, time spent reading and parental myopia [ 11 ].…”

Vitamin D status in children with myopia

“…Късогледството е мултифакторно заболяване, чиято етиопатогенеза се определя от наслагването на различни предразполагащи фактори -генетични, на околната среда и начина на живот [3,4]. Един от най-дискутираните от тях за появата и в по-малка степен за прогресията на късогледството е времето, прекарвано в дейности на открито.…”

“…Един от най-дискутираните от тях за появата и в по-малка степен за прогресията на късогледството е времето, прекарвано в дейности на открито. Съществуват няколко теории, които се опитват да обяснят протективния ефект на повечето часове, прекарани навън [3,5]. Едни теории разглеждат по-доброто качество на ретинния образ по време на далечна зрителна работа на открито при минимално натоварване на акомодацията, докато други обсъждат светлинно индуцираното покачване на нивата на допамина и витамин D, които имат протективни ефекти по отношение на миопичния растеж на окото.…”

Docetaxel for Breast Cancer Treatment-Side Effects on Ocular Surface, a Systematic Review

“…Docetaxel is an antineoplastic agent with many side effects: haematological (e.g., febrile neutropenia [3,12], neutropenic infection), gastrointestinal (e.g., enterocolitis) [3,16], hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., bronchospasm, severe skin reactions [3,17], severe hypotension), fluid retention [3,17], respiratory reactions [3,18] (e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome, interstitial pneumonia, respiratory failure), cardiac reactions [3] (heart failure, ventricular tachycardia), ocular reactions (epiphora [3,6,11,14], cystoid macular edema [3,19], optic neurotoxicity [3,20], erosive conjunctivitis [21], keratopathy), and nervous system disorders (e.g., sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy) [3,22].…”