Update on flavoring-induced lung disease

Holden, V.K.; Hines, Stella E.

doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000250

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Disorders and exposures in humans leading to CBO include prior infection, inhalational injury (flavoring chemicals in microwave popcorn, e-cigarettes, coffee, and others [31][32][33][34], ingested drugs or toxins, autoimmune disease, and connective tissue disorders. 25 Humans present with clinical signs of an obstructive lung disorder with an insidious onset of progressive dyspnea and cough.…”

Section: Classification Of Bronchiolar Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats

Reinero

Masseau

Grobman

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. The small airways (bronchioles with inner diameters <2 mm), located at the transitional zone between larger conducting airways and the pulmonary acinus, have been overlooked as major contributors to clinical syndromes of respiratory disease in cats. Because the trigger for many bronchiolar disorders is environmental and humans live in a shared environment with similar susceptibility, understanding these diseases in pet cats has relevance to One Health. Thoracic radiography, the major imaging modality used in the diagnostic evaluation of respiratory disease in cats, has low utility in detection of bronchiolar disease. Computed tomography (CT) with paired inspiratory and expiratory scans can detect pathology centered on small airways. In humans, treatment of bronchiolar disorders is not well established because of heterogeneous presentations and often late definitive diagnosis. A review of the human and veterinary medical literature will serve as the basis for a proposed classification scheme in cats. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. Future multi‐institutional and multidisciplinary discussions among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists will help refine and develop this classification scheme to promote early and specific recognition and optimize treatment.

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Section: Classification Of Bronchiolar Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats

Reinero

Masseau

Grobman

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Vaporizing e-liquids, at higher temperatures, may result in the generation of known pulmonary toxicants including acrolein, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde 7, 8 . Further, diacetyl, benzaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione and other chemicals present in some of the flavorings have known adverse respiratory effects 9–13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA expression profiling defines the impact of electronic cigarettes on human airway epithelial cells

Solleti

Bhattacharya

Aḥmad

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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While all forms of tobacco exposure have negative health effects, the significance of exposure to electronic cigarettes (eCig) is not fully understood. Here, we studied the global effects of eCig on the micro RNA (miRNA) transcriptome in human lung epithelial cells. Primary human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface were exposed to eCig liquid. Exposure of NHBE to any eCig liquid resulted in the induction of oxidative stress-response genes including GCLM, GCLC, GPX2, NQO1 and HO-1. Vaporization of, and/or the presence of nicotine in, eCig liquid was associated with a greater response. We identified 578 miRNAs dysregulated by eCig exposure in NHBE, and 125 miRNA affected by vaporization of eCig liquid. Nicotine containing eCig vapor displayed the most profound effects upon miRNA expression. We selected 8 miRNAs (29A, 140, 126, 374A, 26A-2, 147B, 941 and 589) for further study. We validated increased expression of multiple miRNAs, including miR126, following eCig exposure. We also found significant reduction in the expression of two miR126 target genes, MYC and MRGPRX3, following exposure. These data demonstrated that eCig exposure has profound effects upon gene expression in human lung epithelial cells, some of which are epigenetically programmed at the level of miRNA regulation.

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“…While food flavourings may be safe by the oral route, they have generally not been tested for sensitising, toxic or irritant potential by inhalation. Bronchiolitis obliterans induced by diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione (buttery flavouring) has long been recognised (Holden and Hines, 2016). An increasing number of studies has also found toxic metals such as nickel, lead and chromium in e-cigarette emissions, most likely released from the metallic coil used to heat the e-liquid during aerosol generation (Mishra et al, 2017;Olmedo et al, 2018).…”

Section: Potential Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury

Ind

2020

Br J Hosp Med

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E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury is a recently recognised, acute pulmonary syndrome which has been reported (particularly from June to October 2019) throughout the USA, but not in Europe (although one probable case, in the UK, has been reported; Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 2020 ). It presents acutely, most often in young men, as severe pulmonary consolidation, usually with respiratory failure. The mortality is around 2%. The cause(s) are unknown, but it is associated with vaping, particularly using unlicensed cannabis-containing products with tetrahydrocannabinol. Vitamin E acetate, often present in tetrahydrocannabinol-containing vape products as a solvent, has been implicated, as it has been identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury. This article reviews the recent literature, including clinical features, presentation and investigations, and possible mechanisms, in the context of vaping practices in the USA and the UK.

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Update on flavoring-induced lung disease

Cited by 37 publications

References 36 publications

Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats

Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats

MicroRNA expression profiling defines the impact of electronic cigarettes on human airway epithelial cells

E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury

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