Update on alpha-linolenic acid

Stark, Aliza H.; Crawford, Michael; Reifen, Ram

doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00040.x

Cited by 181 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized by the human body (Stark et al, 2008), and they are the major n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in milk. Several studies indicate that ALA has cardio-protective effects (Albert et al, 2005;Djoussé et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentials to differentiate milk composition by different feeding strategies

Slots

Butler

Leifert

et al. 2009

Journal of Dairy Science

108

125

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To investigate the effect of the dietary intake of the cow on milk composition, bulk-tank milk was collected on 5 occasions from conventional (n = 15) and organic (n = 10) farms in Denmark and on 4 occasions from low-input nonorganic farms in the United Kingdom, along with management and production parameters. Production of milk based on feeding a high intake of cereals, pasture, and grass silage resulted in milk with a high concentration of α-linolenic acid (9.4 ± 0.2 mg/ kg of fatty acids), polyunsaturated fatty acids (3.66 ± 0.07 mg/kg of fatty acids), and natural stereoisomer of α-tocopherol (RRR-α-tocopherol, 18.6 ± 0.5 mg/kg of milk fat). A milk production system using a high proportion of maize silage, by-products, and commercial concentrate mix was associated with milk with high concentrations of linoleic acid (LA; 19.7 ± 0.4 g/kg of fatty acids), monounsaturated fatty acids (27.5 ± 0.3 mg/kg of fatty acids), and a high ratio between LA and α-linolenic acid (4.7 ± 0.2). Comparing these 2 production systems with a very extensive nonorganic milk production system relying on pasture as almost the sole feed (95 ± 4% dry matter intake), it was found that the concentrations of conjugated LA (cis-9,trans-11; 17.5 ± 0.7 g/kg of fatty acids), trans-11-vaccenic acid (37 ± 2 g/kg of fatty acids), and monounsaturated fatty acids (30.4 ± 0.6 g/kg of fatty acids) were higher in the extensively produced milk together with the concentration of antioxidants; total α-tocopherol (32.0 ± 0.8 mg/ kg of milk fat), RRR-α-tocopherol (30.2 ± 0.8 mg/kg of milk fat), and β-carotene (9.3 ± 0.5 mg/kg of milk fat) compared with the organic and conventional milk. Moreover, the concentration of LA (9.2 ± 0.7 g/kg of fatty acids) in milk from the extensive milk production system was found to approach the recommended unity ratio between n-6 and n-3, although extensive milk production also resulted in a lower daily milk yield.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentials to differentiate milk composition by different feeding strategies

Slots

Butler

Leifert

et al. 2009

Journal of Dairy Science

108

125

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“…It is widely accepted that α-linolenic acid can promote human health, especially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (de Lorgeril et al 1994). It is considered to relate with the fluidity and physiological functions of cell membrane, signal transduction and gene expressions in living cells (Stark et al 2008). Moreover, it is also known that the n-6/n-3 ratio of diets is more essential than total intake of each fatty acid, since the signaling cascades of n-6 and n-3 feedback to each other to maintain homeostasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally grown rucola, <i>Eruca sativa</i>, contains more α-linolenic acid than conventionally grown rucola

Ohta

Takeshita

Funabashi

et al. 2016

Plant Biotechnology

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The ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is higher in the modern Western meal when compared with that of the Paleolithic era. Evidences have been accumulating that the extremely high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increases the risk of disease and the deterioration of physical conditions among humans. In this study, the ratio of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3) of rucola, Eruca sativa, was compared between naturally grown samples and conventional farming products (n=3 for each). We found that the naturally grown rucola contained significantly higher amount of α-linolenic acid (p=0.026), resulting in the lower ratio of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid than the conventional (p=0.016). This finding suggests that vegetables cultured in conventional farming method could decrease the health promotion effects that the vegetables originally possess in natural environment.

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“…It has also been noted that linoleic acid intake has increased substantially in Western societies (18) , which is of concern because of the shared metabolic pathways of both the n-3 and n-6 PUFA and the resulting competition for metabolite production (19) , which has had an impact on the efficiency of conversion of ALA to EPA. It has been concluded that the concept of n-6 : n-3 is not as useful as considering the impact of actual low consumption of LC n-3 PUFA (20) . In either case, the concurrent increase in n-6 consumption and decrease in n-3 consumption deserves attention, including consideration of the options for increased supply of LC n-3 PUFA.…”

Section: Proceedings Of the Nutrition Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

Postgraduate Symposium Long-chainn-3 PUFA: intakes in the UK and the potential of a chicken meat prototype to increase them

2009

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With the wide acceptance of the long-chain (LC)n-3 PUFA EPA and DHA as important nutrients playing a role in the amelioration of certain diseases, efforts to understand factors affecting intakes of these fatty acids along with potential strategies to increase them are vital. Widespread aversion to oil-rich fish, the richest natural source of EPA and DHA, highlights both the highly suboptimal current intakes in males and females across all age-groups and the critical need for an alternative supply of EPA and DHA. Poultry meat is a popular and versatile food eaten in large quantities relative to other meats and is open to increased LCn-3 PUFA content through manipulation of the chicken's diet to modify fatty acid deposition and therefore lipid composition of the edible tissues. It is therefore seen as a favourable prototype food for increasing human dietary supply of LCn-3 PUFA. Enrichment of chicken breast and leg tissue is well established using fish oil or fishmeal, but concerns about sustainability have led to recent consideration of algal biomass as an alternative source of LCn-3 PUFA. Further advances have also been made in the quality of the resulting meat, including achieving acceptable flavour and storage properties as well as understanding the impact of cooking on the retention of fatty acids. Based on these considerations it may be concluded that EPA- and DHA-enriched poultry meat has a very positive potential future in the food chain.

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Update on alpha-linolenic acid

Cited by 181 publications

References 45 publications

Potentials to differentiate milk composition by different feeding strategies

Potentials to differentiate milk composition by different feeding strategies

Naturally grown rucola, <i>Eruca sativa</i>, contains more α-linolenic acid than conventionally grown rucola

Postgraduate Symposium Long-chainn-3 PUFA: intakes in the UK and the potential of a chicken meat prototype to increase them

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