Update on Acanthamoeba phylogeny

Corsaro, Daniele

doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06843-9

Cited by 40 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Searching for Acanthamoeba in 100 public freshwater sources across 28 provinces of Thailand has identified 9 genotypes, comprising genotypes T2/6, T3-T5, T9, T11, T12, T18 and a novel genotype T23. Consistent with previous reports, genotype T4 predominated in this study, suggesting that Acanthamoeba carrying this genotype could be well adapted for survival in diverse ecological niche 4 , 15 , 31 . Despite the fact that different genotypes of Acanthamoeba exhibited variation in pathogenic traits, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Further analysis has shown that the most predominant subtype within T4 in this survey belonged to T4B, followed by T4F, T4C and T4A whilst T4D, T4E and T4G were not detected. Although subtype T4A was observed in 4.6% of genotype T4, it is the most predominant subtype of worldwide isolates analysed so far, suggesting differential distribution of T4 subtypes in diverse environment 4 , 15 , 31 . It is noteworthy that genotype T10 occurring in a keratitis patient in Thailand could not be isolated from all water sources in this survey, suggesting that freshwater might not be a suitable habitat for this genotype or it could be rare in nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Analysis of Acanthamoeba genotypes from public freshwater sources in Thailand reveals a new genotype, T23 Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov.

Putaporntip

Kuamsab

Nuprasert

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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A survey of Acanthamoeba in 100 public freshwater sources in 28 provinces across Thailand has identified 9 genotypes comprising T2/6, T3-T5, T9, T11, T12, T18 and a novel ‘T23’ among 131 isolates. Sequencing of the near complete 18S rRNA gene of Acanthamoeba of all isolates has shown that the most predominant genotype T4 found in 87 isolates (66.4%) contained 4 subtypes, i.e. T4A, T4B, T4C and T4F, while all isolates assigned to genotype T2/6 belonged to subtype B. Among intron-bearing genotypes, most isolates harbouring genotype T3 contained S516 introns, characterised by 3 distinct variants whilst all genotypes T4A and T5 were intronless. Identical 18S rRNA sequences of Acanthamoeba were identified across regions of the country and four isolates in this study shared the same sequences with those from remote nations, suggesting that some strains have reproductive success in diverse ecological niche. Nucleotide diversity of genotypes T2/6B, T3, T4, T9 and T11 in this study was significantly less than that among global isolates outside Thailand, implying that limited sequence diversity occurred within local populations. A remarkably higher level of nucleotide diversity in genotype T11 than those of other genotypes (0.041 vs. 0.012–0.024) could be due to cryptic subtypes. Recombination breakpoints have been detected within genotypes and subtypes as well as within isolates despite no evidence for sexual and parasexual cycles in the genus Acanthamoeba. Tajima’s D, Fu & Li’s D* and F* statistics revealed significantly negative deviation from neutrality across genotypes and subtypes, implying purifying selection in this locus. The 18S rRNA gene of the novel genotype ‘T23’ displayed 7.82% to 28.44% sequence differences in comparison with all known genotypes. Both Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees have placed genotype T23 as sister to the clade comprising genotypes T10, T12 and T14, all of these possess cyst structure belonging to morphological group III. Hence, Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov. is proposed for this novel genotype. It is likely that more genotypes of Acanthamoeba remain to be discovered while the evolution of the 18S rRNA gene of this pathogenic-free living amoeba seems to be ongoing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Analysis of Acanthamoeba genotypes from public freshwater sources in Thailand reveals a new genotype, T23 Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov.

Putaporntip

Kuamsab

Nuprasert

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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show abstract

“…It is clear that the classification of Acanthamoeba into species and genotypes still needs to be improved to clearly understand this relation. Furthermore, we agree with a recent study from Corsaro et al (2020), which states that the identification of Acanthamoeba should currently have a more transparent organization than the classification based only on morphology that once was appropriate. Still today, it is a cause of confusion, relating several species to the same genotype.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba in keratitis: a systematic review

2021

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Acanthamoeba spp. are among the most worldwide prevalent protozoa. It is the causative agent of a disease known as Acanthamoeba keratitis, a painful and severe sight-threatening corneal infection that can lead to blindness. In recent years, the prevalence of Acanthamoeba keratitis has rapidly increased, growing its importance to human health. This systematic review aims to assess the distribution of Acanthamoeba sp. genotypes causing keratitis around the world, considering the sample collected type and the used identification method. Most of the cases were found in Asia and Europe. Not surprisingly, the T4 genotype was the most prevalent worldwide, followed by T3, T15, T11, and T5. Furthermore, the T4 genotype contains a higher number of species. Given the differences in pathology, susceptibility to treatment, and clinical outcome between distinct genotypes, it is essential to genotype isolates from Acanthamoeba keratitis cases to help to establish a better correlation between in vitro and in vivo activities, resulting in better drug therapies and successful treatment in cases of this important ocular infection.

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“…Some Acanthamoeba species or genotypes are the causative agents of severe medical complications including pneumonitis, fatal granulomatous encephalitis, skin infections and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) [3][4][5]. Based on the small ribosomal subunit gene (18S rDNA), 22 different genotypes were identified as T1 to T22 [6]. Even though genotype T4 is the most abundant species in both clinical and environmental samples [7], other genotypes such as T2, T3, T5, T6, T11, T13, and T15 were isolated from AK and amoebic encephalitis cases [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Commercial Disinfectant CLORICAN® on Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri Viability

et al. 2021

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Swimming pool water treatment by chemicals is an essential step to avoid microbial proliferation and infections namely caused by free living amoeba such as, for example, primary amebic meningoencephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis. In the present study, a commercial reactive, CLORICAN, based on chlorine dioxide, was evaluated against Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri. We observed that CLORICAN could eliminate in a short period of incubation time both amoebae. Furthermore, Naegleria fowleri’s trophozoites were more sensitive than those of Acanthamoeba spp. By means of inverted microscopy, the chlorine dioxide was found to greatly affect morphology shape by increasing the cell size shrinkage.

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Update on Acanthamoeba phylogeny

Cited by 40 publications

References 76 publications

Analysis of Acanthamoeba genotypes from public freshwater sources in Thailand reveals a new genotype, T23 Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov.

Analysis of Acanthamoeba genotypes from public freshwater sources in Thailand reveals a new genotype, T23 Acanthamoeba bangkokensis sp. nov.

Genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba in keratitis: a systematic review

Effect of a Commercial Disinfectant CLORICAN® on Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri Viability

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