Update of ultrasound-assembling fabrication and biomedical applications for heterogeneous polymer composites

Current status of controlled onco-therapies based on metal organic frameworks

“…100,101 While high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation functions similar to PDT that can completely ablate tumors by causing hyperthermia, low-intensity ultrasound irradiation can generate non-thermal biological impact on cells. 102 The most prevailing theory attributes the sonodynamic effect to ROS generation, where 1 O 2 was considered to be responsible for SDT-induced cytotoxicity. 103,104 Similar to PDT, SDT is fast, noninvasive, repeatable, and has low toxicity.…”

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOF)-Assisted Sonodynamic Therapy in Anticancer Applications

“…As a crucial part of disease diagnosis, the imaging is often utilized in early stage therapy, so the partnerships between imaging and therapy can better evaluate the administration modes of nanodrugs. Collectively, the imaging and therapy are called by theranostics. ,− Clinically, US irradiation is an innate imaging tool for the integration of diagnosis and therapy, for example, the sonography or US imaging is widely used to image body parts, and the HIFU or other US-assisted therapeutic modalities are involved in drug delivery, hemostasis, lithotripsy, thrombolysis, and immunomodulation. − For the SDT, the usage of US irradiation, apart from driving the sonosensitizers, can also improve the membrane permeability for the cell internalization of more sonosensitizers, which is helpful to increase the treatment efficiency of SDT, and if the sonosensitizers serve as an imaging sensor, then SDT will even gain a synergistic diagnosis contract. Obviously, the diagnosis/SDT partnership also holds true for MOF-based sonosensitizers, and nowadays, much progress has been gotten in MOF-augmented sonodynamic tumor theranostics.…”

“…19,20 In therapeutics, US irradiation has a wide application range since different biological effects are induced by its different intensities and frequencies: Low-intensity US irradiation can produce nonthermal biological effects for the therapeutics, where ultrasonic cavitation acts as a stimulus of microbubbles to accelerate the delivery of therapeutic drugs to those deep tumors or solid tumors. 21,22 Also, the biological effects of high-intensity US irradiation can be used in therapeutics: High-intensity focused US (HIFU) irradiation has completed tumor ablation by inducing hyperthermia, and high-intensity pulsed US irradiation has carried out thermal tumor fractionation. 23−25 In a broad sense, SDT can be consider as a biological effect from low-intensity US irradiation, or specifically, it integrates the localized cytotoxicity of sonosensitizers and low-intensity US irradiation.…”

“…Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which is developed on the basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT), is a compelling sonosensitizer-mediated technology under ultrasound (US) irradiation. , Actually, US irradiation has been early utilized in the biomedical applications expanding from clinical imaging to therapeutic applications, and accordingly, it often serves as a typical tool for cancer diagnoses and treatments. For example, sonography is a known diagnostic technique because US irradiation intrinsically features the ability of high penetration at the targeting sites with a minimal damage to the surrounding normal tissues. , In therapeutics, US irradiation has a wide application range since different biological effects are induced by its different intensities and frequencies: Low-intensity US irradiation can produce nonthermal biological effects for the therapeutics, where ultrasonic cavitation acts as a stimulus of microbubbles to accelerate the delivery of therapeutic drugs to those deep tumors or solid tumors. , Also, the biological effects of high-intensity US irradiation can be used in therapeutics: High-intensity focused US (HIFU) irradiation has completed tumor ablation by inducing hyperthermia, and high-intensity pulsed US irradiation has carried out thermal tumor fractionation. − In a broad sense, SDT can be consider as a biological effect from low-intensity US irradiation, or specifically, it integrates the localized cytotoxicity of sonosensitizers and low-intensity US irradiation. Similar to PDT, SDT mainly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to address the unresectable tumors, even if the sensitizers are activated by two different energy sources, namely, light stimulation for PDT and US irradiation for SDT.…”