Update of the risk assessment of nickel in food and drinking water

Schrenk, Dieter; Bignami, Margherita; Bodin, Laurent; Chipman, J.K.; Mazo, Jesús del; Grasl‐Kraupp, Bettina; Högstrand, Christer; Hoogenboom, L.A.P.; Leblanc, Jean‐Charles; Nebbia, Carlo; Ntzani, Evangelia; Petersen, Annette; Sand, Salomon; Schwerdtle, Tanja; Vleminckx, Christiane; Wallace, Heather M.; Guérin, Thierry; Massányi, Péter; Loveren, Henk Van; Baert, Katleen; Gergelová, Petra; Nielsen, Elsa

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6268

Cited by 76 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 258 publications

(412 reference statements)

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“…HBGV and Its Type Health Effect Ref. [18] 1 Corresponds to ca. 0.18 µg/kg bw/d according to conversion factor used in [9].…”

Section: Compoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The European Food Safety Authority has assessed the dietary exposure of European consumers to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), inorganic arsenic (iAs), inorganic mercury (iHg), methyl mercury (MeHg) and nickel (Ni) in several publications [13,14,[18][19][20][21]. According to these assessments, based on concentration data (mainly governmental monitoring data) from all EU member states and nationally collected consumption data, a part of the adult population is in risk of exceeding the health-based guidance values determined for the different heavy metals (Table 2).…”

Section: CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary Heavy Metal Exposure among Finnish Adults in 2007 and in 2012

Suomi

Valsta

Tuominen

2021

IJERPH

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For the non-smoking and non-occupationally exposed population in Europe, food is the main source of heavy metal exposure. The aim of the study was to estimate the dietary exposure of the Finnish adult population to cadmium, lead, inorganic arsenic, inorganic mercury and methyl mercury as well as nickel using governmental as well as industry data on heavy metal occurrence in foodstuffs and the data from two national food consumption surveys conducted in 2007 and 2012. The sources of heavy metal exposure were estimated for the working-age population (25 to 64 years) and for the elderly (65 to 74 years). Exposure differences between years and between population groups were compared statistically. The mean exposure of women aged 25 to 45 years to cadmium and lead was statistically significantly (p < 0.001) higher, and the methyl mercury exposure lower (p = 0.001) than that of women aged 46 to 64 years. For nickel and inorganic arsenic the differences were lower but still statistically significant (p < 0.05). Between genders, significant difference (p < 0.05) was only seen for lead and nickel. Mean cadmium exposure was significantly higher in 2012 than in 2007. For at least 95% of the adult population, the risk of health damage from mercury or nickel exposure is negligible, but the margin of exposure for lead and inorganic arsenic is small and shows a possible risk of cancer or neurotoxic effects.

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“…HBGV and Its Type Health Effect Ref. [18] 1 Corresponds to ca. 0.18 µg/kg bw/d according to conversion factor used in [9].…”

Section: Compoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Heavy Metal Exposure among Finnish Adults in 2007 and in 2012

Suomi

Valsta

Tuominen

2021

IJERPH

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“…Consequently, no imminent health risk due to the release of Al is to be expected from these samples. Due to its toxicity to reproduction and development, EFSA has derived a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of Ni of 13 µg/kg BW [27]. The 95th percentile upper bound acute exposure to Ni through food consumption ranges from 5.4 in the very elderly to 40.8 µg/kg BW per day in toddlers.…”

Section: Release Of Elements From Elastomers Into Food Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials–Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements

Kühne

Biedermann²,

Eicher³

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Elastomers are not a uniform class of materials but comprise a broad spectrum of chemically different polymers. Sealing gaskets, gloves, teats, conveyor belts and tubing are examples of elastomers being used as food contact materials (FCMs). Ten elastomer samples were evaluated with respect to the content of extractable compounds, migration of substances into ethanolic food simulants, swelling in food simulants and release of elements in different food simulants. The number of extractable substances <1000 Da was determined by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detection (GC × GC–FID) analysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts. The number of signals ranged from 61 (a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)) to 690 (a natural rubber/styrene-butadiene-rubber blend (NR/SBR)). As for risk assessment, the decisive factor is which substances reach the food. The extent of substances that migrate into ethanolic food simulants was investigated. Elastomer FCMs can be the source of food contamination with heavy metals. Notably, contamination with lead was detected in some samples investigated in this study. It was shown that food simulants harbour the potential to morphologically alter or even disintegrate elastomeric materials. The results presented here highlight the importance to carefully choose the elastomer type for the intended use as FCMs as not every application may prove safe for consumers.

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“…For nickel, a TDI of 13 lg/kg bw has been established 5 (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2020) and the exposure to Ni would be only a small fraction of the TDI value (Table 7).…”

Section: Anticipated Exposure To Toxic Elements From Proposed Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety evaluation of long‐chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia

Flavourings¹,

Younes²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2021

EFS2

Self Cite

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The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provides a scientific opinion on the safety of long‐chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia (also called AM‐1) as a food additive. AM‐1 is a purified mixture of long‐chain glycolipid congeners obtained by fermentation of the edible non‐genetically modified fungus Dacryopinax spathularia . AM‐1 glycolipids have very low oral bioavailability and overall available toxicology data do not demonstrate any adverse effects of the proposed food additive. Considering the available data set the Panel established an ADI of 10 mg/kg bw per day based on a range of NOAELs between 1,000 and 1,423 mg/kg bw per day (the highest doses tested), from the reproductive and a prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats and 90‐day studies in rat and dog. At the proposed maximum use levels, the exposure estimates ranged at the mean from 0.01 to 1.07 mg/kg bw per day and at the p95 from 0 to 3.1 mg/kg mg/kg bw per day. At the proposed typical use levels, the exposure estimates ranged at the mean from < 0.01 mg/kg bw per day to 0.23 mg/kg bw per day and at the p95 from 0 to 0.64 mg/kg bw per day. The Panel noted that the highest estimate of exposure of 3.1 mg/kg bw per day (in toddlers) is within the established ADI of 10 mg/kg bw per day and concluded that the exposure to long‐chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia does not raise a safety concern at the uses and use levels proposed by the applicant.

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Update of the risk assessment of nickel in food and drinking water

Cited by 76 publications

References 258 publications

Dietary Heavy Metal Exposure among Finnish Adults in 2007 and in 2012

Dietary Heavy Metal Exposure among Finnish Adults in 2007 and in 2012

Characterisation of Elastomers as Food Contact Materials–Part 1: Quantification of Extractable Compounds, Swelling of Elastomers in Food Simulants and Release of Elements

Safety evaluation of long‐chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia

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