Update: Increase in Human Infections with Novel Asian Lineage Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Viruses During the Fifth Epidemic — China, October 1, 2016–August 7, 2017

Kile, James C.; Ren, Ruiqi; Liu, Liqi; Greene, Carolyn M.; Roguski, Katherine; Iuliano, A. Danielle; Jang, Yunho; Jones, Joyce; Thor, Sharmi; Song, Ying; Zhou, Suizan; Trock, Susan C.; Dugan, Vivien G.; Wentworth, David E.; Levine, Min Z.; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Katz, Jacqueline M.; Jernigan, Daniel B.; Olsen, Sonja J.; Fry, Alicia M.; Azziz‐Baumgartner, Eduardo; Davis, C. Todd

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6635a2

Cited by 69 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Though the case fatality rate and severity in humans were similar between highly pathogenic and low pathogenic H7N9 strains [2, 23], highly pathogenic H7N9 exhibited a R292K mutation, where an amino acid change had occurred that was known to be associated with neuraminidase inhibitor resistance. This lead to severe and complicated clinical sequelae [5, 24, 25]. The rapid geographical expansion and genetic evolution of the HPAI H7N9 viruses pose a great challenge, not only for poultry production but also for public health [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Protective Effects of the A/ZJU01/ PR8/2013 Split H7N9 Avian Influenza Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic H7N9 in BALB/c Mice

Deng

et al. 2018

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background/Aims: Since the first case of novel H7N9 infection was reported, China has experienced five epidemics of H7N9. During the fifth wave, a highly pathogenic H7N9 strain emerged. In order to assess whether the H7N9 vaccine based on A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9) was effective in protecting against highly pathogenic H7N9, we conducted this study. Methods: Groups of mice were immunized twice by intraperitoneal injection with 500 µl of either split vaccine alone or MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. Serum was collected 2 weeks after the second vaccine booster. The hemagglutinin inhibition test was conducted on vaccine seed and highly pathogenic H7N9 to evaluate the neutralization of highly pathogenic H7N9. We also immunized mice and challenged them with highly pathogenic H7N9. Mice were observed for illness, weight loss, and death at 1 week and 2 weeks post-infection. Then, the mice were sacrificed and lungs were removed. Antibody responses were assessed and pathological changes in the lung tissue were evaluated. Results: The ability of serum to neutralize highly pathogenic H7N9 was reduced. In mice, highly pathogenic H7N9 was more virulent than A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9). After challenge with highly pathogenic H7N9, all mice died while mice challenged with A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9) all recovered. The A/ZJU01/PR8/2013 split H7N9 avian influenza vaccine was able to protect against infection with highly pathogenic H7N9 in mice, with or without MF59. Moreover, H7N9 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 produced high antibody levels, which lead to better protection. Conclusions: The A/ZJU01/PR8/2013 split H7N9 avian influenza vaccine based on A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9) is effective in protecting against highly pathogenic H7N9. H7N9 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 offers better protection against infection with highly pathogenic H7N9. In order to make the H7N9 vaccine applicable to humans, further clinical trials are required to evaluate MF59 adjuvanted vaccine. Meanwhile, the vaccine strain should be updated based on the highly pathogenic H7N9 gene sequence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Protective Effects of the A/ZJU01/ PR8/2013 Split H7N9 Avian Influenza Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic H7N9 in BALB/c Mice

Deng

et al. 2018

Cell Physiol Biochem

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“…Until now, human cases of H7N9 avian influenza virus infection have been reported mainly in China; however, the risk of spread of the H7N9 viruses from Mainland China to other countries and regions has been increasing due to bird migration, human activities/communication and the international meat trade. Indeed, two human H7N9 cases in Canada, one human case in Malaysia, 21 human cases in Hong Kong, five human cases in Taiwan and two human cases in Macao imported from Mainland China have been reported (Kile et al, ; Leung et al, ; Lo et al, ; Skowronski et al, ; William et al, ; Yang & Liu, ). A total of 162 poultry meat products illegally brought to Japan by international passengers were intercepted between May 2016 and January 2018; six avian influenza viruses (i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of H7N9 avian influenza viruses isolated from duck meat products

Mitake

Kiso

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Avian influenza H7N9 viruses have caused five epidemic waves of human infections since the first human cases were reported in 2013. In 2016, the initial low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H7N9 viruses became highly pathogenic, acquiring multi‐basic amino acids at the haemagglutinin cleavage site. These highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses have been detected in poultry and humans in China, causing concerns of a serious threat to global public health. In Japan, both HPAI and LPAI H7N9 viruses were isolated from duck meat products carried illegally and relinquished voluntarily at the border by passengers on flights from China to Japan between 2016 and 2017. Some of the LPAI and HPAI H7N9 viruses detected at the border in Japan were characterized previously in chickens and ducks; however, their pathogenicity and replicative ability in mammals remain unknown. In this study, we assessed the biological features of two HPAI H7N9 virus isolates [A/duck/Japan/AQ‐HE29‐22/2017 (HE29‐22) and A/duck/Japan/AQ‐HE29‐52/2017 (HE29‐52); both of these viruses were isolated from duck meat at the border)] and an LPAI H7N9 virus isolate [A/duck/Japan/AQ‐HE28‐3/2016 (HE28‐3)] in mice and ferrets. In mice, HE29‐52 was more pathogenic than HE29‐22 and HE28‐3. In ferrets, the two HPAI virus isolates replicated more efficiently in the lower respiratory tract of the animals than did the LPAI virus isolate. Our results indicate that HPAI H7N9 viruses with the potential to cause severe diseases in mammals have been illegally introduced to Japan.

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“…A more recent review has shown that between 31 Mar 2013 and 07 Aug 2017, there were 1,557 human cases of A (H7N9) infection with 605 deaths (9). Similar to the first four epidemics, 70% of human infections during the fifth epidemic occurred in men, with median age of 57 years (range, 4-93 years), and the majority (90%) had a history of recent poultry exposure and resulted in severe respiratory failure.…”

Section: Human Infections Due To a Novel Avian Influenza A (H7n9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to the first four epidemics, 70% of human infections during the fifth epidemic occurred in men, with median age of 57 years (range, 4-93 years), and the majority (90%) had a history of recent poultry exposure and resulted in severe respiratory failure. Among the 759 human cases reported as of 07 Aug 2017 in the fifth epidemic, 14 clusters of 2-3 persons with A (H7N9) infection were reported to the WHO versus an average of 9 clusters in each of the previous epidemics (9). While most human cases confirmed since 2013 were caused by low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A (H7N9) virus infection, 27 cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H7N9) virus infection have been confirmed in three provinces in southern China during the fifth epidemic.…”

Section: Human Infections Due To a Novel Avian Influenza A (H7n9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emerging A (H7N9) viruses clearly highlight the importance of early analysis and public sharing of sequence data in order to facilitate pandemic preparedness efforts (9). Enormous efforts are needed to prevent and control the spread of A (H7N9) viruses (both LPAI and HPAI) in the poultry population, through continuous surveillance of poultry, the environment, and humans for the presence of A (H7N9) viruses in both urban and rural China, in addition to antiviral surveillance.…”

Section: Human Infections Due To a Novel Avian Influenza A (H7n9)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infections in humans across five epidemics in mainland China, 2013–2017

2017

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Update: Increase in Human Infections with Novel Asian Lineage Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Viruses During the Fifth Epidemic — China, October 1, 2016–August 7, 2017

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

The Protective Effects of the A/ZJU01/ PR8/2013 Split H7N9 Avian Influenza Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic H7N9 in BALB/c Mice

The Protective Effects of the A/ZJU01/ PR8/2013 Split H7N9 Avian Influenza Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic H7N9 in BALB/c Mice

Characterization of H7N9 avian influenza viruses isolated from duck meat products

Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infections in humans across five epidemics in mainland China, 2013–2017

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