Update and nomenclature proposal for mammalian lysophospholipid acyltransferases, which create membrane phospholipid diversity

Abstract

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Investigating the Potential Use of Chemical Biopsy Devices to Characterize Brain Tumor Lipidomes

“…During apoptosis, PSs are transferred to the outer layer and act as labels for the cells, which undergo phagocytosis [ 46 ]. Moreover, since the membrane’s fluidity and ability to adapt to dynamic changes is associated with changes in lipid composition, changes in membrane composition may be an indicator of ongoing carcinogenesis [ 47 ]. It has previously been reported that, apart from changes in the phospholipid content, neoplasms also exhibit alterations in their sphingolipid content [ 42 , 48 ].…”

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“…Enzymes that were called lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) were suggested to be organised into two main families of proteins, then termed lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) and membrane bound O-acyltransferases (MBOATs) [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. For readers interested in a comprehensive recent review of the area including full descriptions of studies that characterised cloned proteins in vitro please see [47]. However, the naming conventions that were used to refer to LPLATs over the decades created significant confusion in the field.…”

“…LPLAT8 and 9 are considered monotopic membrane proteins, with LPLAT8-10 predicted to be anchored via N-terminal helices. These LPLATs are widely expressed in mammalian tissues, and are mainly localised to the ER membrane, although some are also found on Golgi, mitochondrial, nuclear membrane or lipid droplets [47]. As examples of AGPAT family members, the first cloned enzyme shown to generate PC-containing 20:4 was LPLAT9 (LPCAT2) while a reduction in PC-20:4 was shown to occur in LPLAT12 mice [48][49][50].…”

“…Both LPLAT8 and 9 have several reported roles in cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy [102][103][104][105][106]. For more detail, please see review [47].…”

“…To address this, a new nomenclature was recently proposed, based on designating all the enzymes LPLATx, where x denotes the order of discovery, and no information on polar headgroup or substrate is provided. The proteins are then assigned into either MBOAT or AGPAT families [ 47 ]. Notably, most enzymes previously termed LPAAT are members of the AGPAT family.…”