Update About the Effects of the Sunscreen Ingredients Oxybenzone and Octinoxate on Humans and the Environment

Siller, Alfredo; Blaszak, Scott Christopher; Lazar, Michelle; Harken, Edit Olasz

doi:10.1097/psn.0000000000000288

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The latter is a UVB filter commonly found in sunscreen lotions used on beaches worldwide. However, in recent years, octinoxate has been strongly criticized, in particular for its negative impact on the environment but also on human health [ 6 , 7 ]. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that organic UV filters induce a virus proliferation which is the source of coral reef bleaching [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinapic Acid Esters: Octinoxate Substitutes Combining Suitable UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity

et al. 2020

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In 2021, Hawaii will permanently ban the use and sale of octinoxate-based sunscreens as studies have shown serious impacts of such UV filters on the coral reef. This ban, which could be generalized to other countries, highlights the extreme need to offer alternative UV filters that are not only effective in terms of sun protection, but also healthy with regards to human health and the environment. In this context, a wide library of p-hydroxycinnamic esters deriving from naturally occurring sinapic acid has been synthesized using a Knoevenagel–Doebner condensation. The UV filtering activities as well as the antioxidant properties of these sinapic acid esters were then investigated. The results showed promising UVB protection and antioxidant efficacy. A Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) study on the sinapic acid esters highlighted the need of a free phenol to, as expected, observe antioxidant activity, but also to obtain a higher intensity of protection. Moreover, the nature of the ester moiety also proved to be a key structural feature for the UV absorbance, as higher steric hindrance on the ester moiety leads to more active compounds. The judicious structural design of sinapic esters thus provides promising compounds combining UV protection and antioxidant activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinapic Acid Esters: Octinoxate Substitutes Combining Suitable UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity

et al. 2020

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“…While skin photoprotection is crucial for human health, many questions have been raised regarding the accumulation of sunscreens in the environment. [27][28][29][30] To look for sunscreen in environmental samples, MASST found matches to the indoor environment or personal objects such as offices, houses, cars, bikes, phones, wallets, keys, mattresses, plants, meat for human consumption, corals, and even in coral reef in remote areas such as Moorea. [31][32][33] While there have been no identifiable toxic effects on humans 34 , these results show that human-made chemicals may be widely distributed without truly understanding the potential long-term impact.…”

Section: ) Can Masst Be Used To Track Sunscreens In Human and Enviromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The developments required for enabling MASST searches included converting public data to a uniform open format 12 (irrespective of instrument type and original data format), the ability to trace the original file where each MS/MS spectrum originated, and a reporting infrastructure that provides all identical or similar MS/MS spectra found in the public data along with their associated metadata. Key reasons why MASST has now become possible, and not ~30 years ago when the sequencing community launched WebBLAST, are: 1) only in recent years have a sufficient amount of small molecule untargeted mass spectrometry datasets become publicly available to warrant the development of such capabilities (~1,100 untargeted datasets and ~110,000,000 spectra in ~150,000 files as of Dec 11, 2018), 2) increased adoption of universal, non-vendor specific MS data formats makes this the first time that many publicly available datasets have been converted to the same data format 28,29 and 3) the engineering of the infrastructure to enable tracking of information of all public data (in GNPS/MassIVE) and connecting each MS/MS spectrum to its own unique metadata entries had not been developed yet.…”

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confidence: 99%

MASST: A Web-based Basic Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Molecules to Search Public Data

Wang

Vargas

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Correspondence:We introduce a web-enabled small-molecule mass spectrometry (MS) search engine. To date, no tool can query all the public small-molecule tandem MS data in metabolomics repositories, greatly limiting the utility of these resources in clinical, environmental and natural product applications. Therefore, we introduce a Mass Spectrometry Search Tool (MASST) (https://proteosafe-extensions.ucsd.edu/masst/), that enables the discovery of molecular relationships among accessible public metabolomics and natural product tandem mass spectrometry data (MS/MS).The ability to discover related sequences of proteins or genes in publicly accessible sequence data using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), connected to public sequence data repositories through a web interface (WebBLAST, https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), was introduced in the 1990s. 1 It has garnered more than 138,159 citations according to Google Scholar, placing it among the most widely used bioinformatics tools. WebBLAST enabled detection of the number of sequences in public repositories related to a given query, the organisms in which those sequences occur, and the evolutionary and inferred functional relationships among related sequences. It therefore permitted a broad community to answer simple but scientifically compelling questions such as: Is a protein or DNA sequence common or rare? How is this sequence distributed among different kinds of organisms? What other sequences are related to this sequence (evolutionary variants, or new mutations, or synthetic constructs)? In the early days of making DNA or protein sequence data publicly available, the "metadata" (e.g., contextual information about the sample, population and location the sequence came from, and technical information about how it was produced) in the public repositories was limited and no standards existed. This is a situation similar to the current status of much of the mass spectrometry data in the public domain. However, when publicly deposited data has metadata available, such as organism, location of sampling, host phenotypes such as diseases, etc., it becomes possible to start building higherlevel hypotheses regarding the evolutionary, ecological or functional relationships among these DNA, RNA or protein sequences. The development of the ability to search data with added context continues to have profound impacts on fields including medicine, chemistry, genetics, molecular biology, genomics, microbiology, and ecology.Algorithms developed for mass spectrometry data, including molecular networking 2 and fragmentation trees 3 , enable similarity searches, while powerful metabolomics analysis software infrastructures, such as MS-DIAL 4 , MetaboAnalyst 5 , XCMS Online 6 , HMDB 7 , some of which have been available for over a decade, focus on annotation of MS/MS spectra or finding statistical relationships between molecular features. However, none of the existing tools enable searching against public data in repositories. Finding the distribution of specific data of i...

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“…Hawaii legislature passed a bill that outlaws products that contain Oxybenzone and OMC, effective January 2021. The bill is based on studies that show that oxybenzone may harm coral larvae and that both compounds may "bleach" coral, causing it to lose symbiotic algae [103][104][105]. OMC has been detected in human urine, blood and breast milk, which indicates that humans are systemically exposed to this compound.…”

Section: Octinoxatementioning

confidence: 99%

A Pharmacological Review of Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations

Mohiuddin¹

2019

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Update About the Effects of the Sunscreen Ingredients Oxybenzone and Octinoxate on Humans and the Environment

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

Sinapic Acid Esters: Octinoxate Substitutes Combining Suitable UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity

Sinapic Acid Esters: Octinoxate Substitutes Combining Suitable UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity

MASST: A Web-based Basic Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Molecules to Search Public Data

A Pharmacological Review of Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations

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